Psychosocial Concepts in Radiography

Psychosocial Concepts in Radiography â€Å"Promising too much can be as cruel as caring too little† (Kelley, 2005, p. 69). The aim of this assignment is to describe and discuss the psychosocial aspects of patient/client care as applied to radiography, and the skills required the deal with a range of issues in work environment and explore medico legal aspects of radiographer’s scope of practice while relating to the given scenario. Oxford English Dictionary(2013) defines psychosocial as â€Å"relating to the interrelation of social factors and individual thought and behaviour† and medico legal â€Å"refers to that which is related to medicine and the law. It refers to that which pertains to the legal aspects involved in the practice of medicine. It covers the prerogatives and responsibilities that a medical professional is bound by as well as the rights of the patient† (AJ, 2013). Upon arriving to the department it is paramount the radiographer justifies the x-ray request form on clinical grounds, and must adhere to the minimum requirements set by IR(ME)R which requires 3 forms of ID, the request form to be signed, information to identify the patient and clinical information to justify exposure. (DoH, 2000). once patient has been located, the radiographer is greeted by angry relatives who are complaining their mother had nothing to drink for 24 hours and has soiled herself, with this in consideration it is vital the radiographer introduces themselves and confirms the patients details for example, patients name, DOB and Address and hospital number if checking wristband as patient has limited ability to communicate. Infection control will be required as the patient has defecated herself, a quick check for infections such as clostridium difficile; if infections are present it should be present on the x-ray request or patient notes. The first impression a patient forms from the way practitioner portray themselves by greeting the patient and explaining the procedure in the first few minutes. If a negative impression is formed during this encounter, it will be difficult to erase and the subsequent practitioner and patient interaction will be affected (Ramlaul and Vosper, 2013). When dealing with the patient/relatives the radiographer must be assertive, confident compassionate, and empathetic to the patient’s situation (Scriven and Orme, 2001), and must use clinical reasoning which refers to thinking and processes associated with the clinical practice of health care providers (Higgs, Jones, Loftus and Christensen, 2008) Reassure the family that you have just arrived and here to resolve the matter, explain there could be a valid reason regarding the water, but you will look into it. Give reasons why there might be a shortage of nurses due to â€Å"fast interaction period of emergency departments which may be similar times to medical imaging† (Ramlaul and Vosper, 2013, p.13). This might be why the radiographer was not able to locate the nurses. Communication between healthcare professionals and patients is paramount to improve quality of care for patients, and eliminate any possibility for mistakes (O’Daniel and Rosenstein 2008). This scenario has clearly demonstrated the lack of Inter-professional communication and collaboration and how detrimental it is to patient care. The psychosocial aspects of any individual can be affected by a small initial stimulus which can start a chain of events that have enormous outcomes; this is known as the butterfly effect (Burton, 2013). Little do we realise a smile can be enough to put someone at ease, and that can be the difference between a positive experience and a negative one. We have to understand the social/environmental aspect of an individual also plays a huge role in the way they think, talk, and behave (Niven, 2000). The radiographer must take into consideration the psychological state of the patient, which may help understand the different feelings the patient might be experiencing such as, anxiety, shame, angry, distressed, shocked, and unwell. It is important the radiographer focus on their thoughts and feelings to better treat them. Compassionate care must be 1st priority for all health professionals; this constitutes the six C’s, Care, compassion, competence, communication, courage, commitment. This guide helps health professionals to make sure their care meets the standards patients rightly expect and deserve (Cummings and Bennett, 2012). This should apply to all health professionals. With regards to Francis report UK The Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Public Inquiry, (2010) which was carried out from January 2005 to March 2009 for the hundreds of appalling failings of compassionate care were left in excrement in soiled bed clothes for lengthy periods and many other failings. Referring back to the scenario it is seen the patient is in a similar situation and as a witness; the radiographer must report this, failure to do so is against the law. Radiographers should uphold National Health Service constitution and values which are based on comprehensive service available to all race, gender, disability, age, sexual orientation, religion or belief and adhere the core value of NHS, respect and dignity, commitment to quality of care, compassion, communication, improving lives, and working together for patients (DoH, 2013). Communication comes in many forms, verbal, non-verbal (sign language, facial expression and other forms of body language) it can be difficult at times to assess patients, this may be due to may barriers such as gender, age, language and disability, each barrier differ from patient to patient, with regards to the scenario the frail old lady is in a venerable state and unable to communicate regardless the radiographer must communicate with her as she may understand other means of communication which may include simple muscle movements such as blinking or squeezing a hand. Due to the lack of time usually available to radiographers, the task of identifying and treating symptoms may become the only goal for the practitioner, who then denies the patient the opportunity to explain their illness (Edelmann, 2000). Radiographers must provide holistic care for the patient, while assessing patients and their clinical requirements to determine appropriate radiographic technique, and to perform a wide range of radiographic examinations on patients to produce high quality images while observing and maintaining contact with patients during their waiting, examination and post-examination stay in the hospital, And complying with Data Protection Act, IRMER, IRR, ALARP, Health and Safety at work, and many more (Agcas, 2012). Radiographers must keep within their scope of practice based on competency, education, extent of experience and knowledge while practising in a safe and competent manner (SoR, 2008). And adhere to legislations set for radiographers, scope of practice, local rules, policies and procedures and HCPC standards of proficiency, is responsible and accountable for the patient undergoing x-ray (and other imaging modalities). What is scope of practice for a radiographer? HCPC (2012) defines the scope of practice is the area/areas in which the radiographer has knowledge, skills and experience to practice lawfully, safely and effectively in a way that meets the HCPC standards and does not pose a danger to the public or to yourself. However if a practitioner wanted to move outside their scope of practice can do so providing they are capable of working lawfully, safely and effectively. Relating back to the scenario it may need to be considered whether taking a portable abdominal x-ray is in the local rules, policies, and procedures, must weigh the risks/benefit, consider their personal experience and is it enough to carry out the x-ray in a safe, effective and lawful manor. As health professionals one must understand their own capacity and limitations and act accordingly. Taking consent from the patient can be verbal, written or implied. Every adult has the right to determine what is done to their body (UIC, 2004). Taking an x-ray without obtaining valid consent can be detrimental which leaves the practitioner open to lawsuits and questions their fitness to practice. As we know the patient is not able to communicate, hence the radiographer might adopt different means on consent for example implied. Patient might be asked to blink twice if it’s okay to go ahead and blink once if not vice versa. Pertaining to moving and handling patient the radiographer should make use of the mandatory manual handling training provided by the trust/university. The radiographer must not in under any circumstance cannot pat-slide by themselves and must have a minimum of 3 trained personals. This scenario is a classic example of negligence, where no nurses are present to attend to the patient, torts law comes into play in this scenario, where unintentional negligence of the patient where the duty of care is at breech. If the radiographer carried out the x-ray after the patient had been cleaned by the radiographer and/or nurse, the radiographer must inform patient about the x-ray being taken and once consented markers must be used in the primary beams instead of post processing to avoid confusions, and most importantly, the x-ray can be used in court if required, furthermore upon taking the x-ray a holders form need to be filled in if holder was required and must wear lead coats. A risk assessment must be carried out to determine if it is possible to carry out the x-ray and apply ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) as mobile x-rays tend to used higher exposures this is achieved by many ways such as increasing the FDD. This scenario can most certainly make everyone feel agitated, stressed, scared and terrified, and nervous. However as professionals one must show confidence in the face of adversity and demonstrate good communication skills and follow the HCPC standards of conduct, the scope of practice, upholding the NHS constitution along with compassionate care guide, will ultimately enable the health practitioner to be more confident and well equipped in practice. In conclusion one can argue it requires inter-professional team effort to give the best experience to any patient, which is be true, but it requires the efforts of each individual put together collectively to formulate productivity and efficiency for the best interests of the patients. Reference List Agcas. (2012). Role of a diagnostic radiographer. Prospects. Retrieved December, 13, 2013, from http://www.prospects.ac.uk/diagnostic_radiographer_job_ description.htm. Burton, J. (2013). Radiography and the butterfly effect. SoR. Retrieved December, 16, 2013, from http://www.sor.org/ezines/scortalk/issue-13/blog-radiography-and-butterfly-effect. Cummings, J Bennett, V. (2012). Compassion in practice. Retrieved December, 22, 2013, from http://www.england.nhs.uk/nursingvision/. Department of health. (2000). Ionising Radiations Medical Exposure Regulations: Good Practice. Retrieved November, 25, 2013, from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads /system /uploads/attachment_data/file/227075/IRMER_regulations_2000.pdf. Department of Health. (2013).  The NHS Constitution: TheNHS belongs to us all. Retrieved December, 10, 2013, from  http://www.nhs.uk/choiceintheNHS /Rightsandpledges/NHSConstitution/Pages/Overview.aspx. Donald R. Kelley. (2005). Divided Power: The Presidency, Congress, and the Formation of American Foreign Policy, Intraparty factionalism on key foreign policy issues. (p.69). University of Arkansas Press Edelmann, R. J., (2000). Psychosocial Aspects of the Health Care Process.  Harlow Prentice Hall Higgs, J. Jones, M. Loftus, S. Christensen, N. (2008).  Clinical Reasoning:  in the Health Professions.  (3rded.). London: Elsevier Jeevs, A. (2013). What is medico legal? AskJeeves. Retrieved December, 20, 2013, from http://uk.ask.com/question/what-is-medico-legal. Niven, N. (2000).  Health psychology: For health care professionals. (3rded.). Edinburgh: Livingstone. O’Daniel, M. Rosenstein, A. H. (2008). Patient Safety and Quality: Professional Communication and Team Collaboration. PubMed, 8(43), 33. Ramlaul, A. Vosper, M. (2013). Patient centred care in medical imaging and radiotherapy: In medical imaging and radiotherapy.London: Churchill-Livingstone. Scriven, A. Orme, J. (2001). Health Promotion, professional perspectives. (2nded.). London: Macmillan. The Health Professions Council. (2012). Standards of proficiency, your scope of practice.  London: HCPC. The Society of Radiographers. (2013). Code of Conduct and Ethics.  London: SoR. University of Illinois at Chicago College of medicine UIC. (2004), Informed consent, Retrieved November, 30, 2013, from http://www.uic.edu/depts/mcam/ethics/ic.htm. United Kingdom. The Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Public Inquiry. (2010). Independent Inquiry into care provided by Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust. London: TSO. (Chairman R. Francis).

China As Most Favored Nation Essay example -- essays research papers

What is the debate on weather or not China should retain favored-nation trading status all about? Is it really a decision on what is best economically for the United States, and China. Or is it: the issue of Chinese human rights violations and the fact that if the United States where to revoke the favored nation status of China it would have a profound negative impact on the U.S. economy alone. (+)Most-favored-nation trade status started in the United States as a version of the European preferential trade system. The Carter Administration first granted most-favored-nation trading status to China in 1980, following the historic efforts of President Nixon during the 1970’s to restore diplomatic ties. Historically, a significant difference existed between the unconditional most-favored-nation clause in European trade law and the American version of conditional most-favored-nation. Under unconditional most-favored-nation status, one country's extension of tariff concessions guarantees the same concessions to all nations associated with it through commercial treaties. American conditional most-favored-nation status provided treaty signatories only the opportunity to negotiate most-favored-nation status when most-favored-nation status was extended to another trading partner. Thus meaning that the United States gives significant economic advantages to one nation in the form of most-favored-nation trading status. Under the Trade Act of 1974, most-favored-nation status could only be granted to China through a Sino-American bilateral commercial agreement and satisfaction of the Jackson-Vanik Amendment requirements. The Jackson-Vanik amendment states that the President of the United States may grant a communist country such as China most-favored-nation trade status if it was in conjunction with a trade agreement and upon proper improvement that China would permit emigration. Also China would have to satisfy that they are moving toward improving current policies. The conclusion of the US-PRC commercial accord in July 1979, and the initial waiving of the Jackson-Vanik requirements, and with Congressional approval, most-favored-nation status was granted to China. This action sealed the successful efforts of the Carter Administration to create social and economic ties through Sino-American relations. The renewal of China’s most-favored-nation trade status has been s... ...t-favored-nation status. By giving stats and other figures that show just how this issue has the ability to effect the economies of both the United States and China. Works Cited: (-)Morrison, Wayne M. â€Å"91121: China-U.S. Trade Issues† Updated November 27, 1996 <a href="http://www.fas.org/man/crs/91-121.htm#summ">http://www.fas.org/man/crs/91-121.htm#summ (+)Robertson III , Grayson R â€Å"The China-MFN Controversy: The Case For Maintaining China's MFN Status Part 1† <a href="http://www.china-net.org/CCF94/ccf9409-3.html">http://www.china-net.org/CCF94/ccf9409-3.html (=)â€Å"MARKET ACCESS AND PROTOCOL COMMITMENTS† <a href="http://www.ustr.gov/releases/1999/04/ch-memo.html">http://www.ustr.gov/releases/1999/04/ch-memo.html Delay, Tom â€Å"China-U.S. Trade Issues† <a href="http://www.majoritywhip.house.gov/China/980717CRSTradeRelations.asp">http://www.majoritywhip.house.gov/China/980717CRSTradeRelations.asp Faison, Seth "U.S. And China Reach Late Agreement on Textiles," New York Times, February 3, 1997 <a href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/chintex.htm">http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/chintex.htm

Companies should spend money on improving the work skills of their employees Essay

Companies should spend money on improving the work skills of their employees as it is to be seen from the leading top businesses that this will result in high success. Firstly, the more investment is made in improving a certain aspect, better results follow. By spending money on improving the skills, it will allow more productive workers making the production rate efficient which all leads to increasing profit. The word â€Å"skill† is quite broad since it could be any kind of skill and it will all differ for the employees depending on which position they are in the company. This can also bring the company a good image. Example, the skills of marketing in a company are to comprehend with the customer to satisfy them. By learning these skills, they may pass on the positive energy to the customers leading to word of mouth and Increase Company’s reputation. Secondly, it will be a lot more financially beneficial to develop current workers than to bring skilled workers from outside. It can also bring the company a bad atmosphere and less bonding which is a negative factor as bonding is important between each worker to work as a team to produce goods or services. Example, it will create much better synergy for the teams to help develop skills together than to have one of their fellow worker get fired and have one replace the place. Thirdly, it will improve personal skills and confidence. By obtaining the extra skills it will almost immediately increase the confidence of the worker allowing the worker to even perform well in their personal life. These personal skills may also help the unstable society where anything can happen the next day. Example, this worker who may have been trained and have improved skill of comprehending, can help talk to a person who is trying to suicide in the middle of the street. The worker can persuade the person not to jump off the bridge with their ability to persuade or talk well who dealt with A/S problems in a company. To conclude, for the aforementioned reasons, any kind of training that may benefit a worker’s ability to complete their job is highly likely to be beneficial.

Symbols Of Truth in Langston Hughes On The Road Essay

Langston Hughes uses beautiful symbolism and imagery in his literary work â€Å"On the Road†. Hughes offers up the idea that if one is to open ones heart; life will provide unlimited abundance. In this literary work, Langston Hughes uses nature to demonstrate and symbolize the unwillingness of his main character, Sargeant, to participate in life. Hughes also demonstrates the use of a person’s anger and instinct to survive and how they both can be used as powerful forces in breaking down racial barriers. Another more impacting symbol Hughes uses is Jesus Christ as a metaphor. Hughes uses this to show how people experience life and how the traditional church values contradict each other when it comes to the acceptance of human beings. Therefore†¦show more content†¦Hughes writes that if combined, the beauty of both night and snow create a perfect harmony. ...falling white and flaky against the night† (296). This line contrasts the flaky white colored snow a nd the darkness of the night to symbolize the white and black race. This contrast of light and dark created a perfect symmetry to the world and its society. Langston Hughes use of nature brings forth the thought of the outside world, but of a feeling of emotion in ones heart. Sometimes the simplest of nature’s creations have the biggest impact to the soul. Hughes realized this and expressed it in his work â€Å"On the Road†. Another point that is conveyed by Langston Hughes work is the use of anger and instinct to survive in his main character Sargeant. When combined, these two aspects of human nature can become a powerful force when it comes to taking action against the suppression of society. In a time of depression, Sargeant faced society with a vision of racism. And a feeling of anger is only natural when limitations are placed on one’s life. 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