The Blaze of Life :: essays research papers

The Blaze of LifePicture this, a young beautiful miss smiling and standing by a big gum tree. On the surface you might think this is a pleasant picture. But then you defy a closer look. She is standing there flavor at a fire, but non just any fire, it is a fire of her house. But not only is her house burning down, her mother and babe is also burning in the fire. Even though her family and house is burning down to the ground, we just empathize her standing there. She is just staring intently at the fire, not doing anything and not being panicked at all. Somehow this picture does not seem right. Should she not be screaming or crying or getting help?In Alice Walkers E actuallyday Use (For Your Grandma), this picture of the fire, is presented to us from a story told by the girls mother. This fire, along with Characterization, setting, and dialogue, lead one to believe that the fire was the start of the mothers loss of power. And the beginning of Dees, the beautiful girl, rise to po wer. From the very beginning the story there is a sense that Dee has a bit of an upper hand in the family. But why does the mother and Dees sister Maggie cower to Dee? Why is what Dee thinks and wants so important?In the beginning of the story, the mother describes Maggie as being not exceptionally beautiful. In fact, she is described as looking like a lame animal. She walks like she has been left on the side of the road, . . .chin on chest, eyes on the ground, feet in shuffle (292-3). She even cowers in the boxwood when asking her mother how she looks for fear she does not look beautiful. On the hand, Dee is described as being very beautiful. The mother says that, Dee is lighter then Maggie, with nicer hair and a fuller figure (293). So Maggie already feels that Dee is a little above her in the way of looks. But why does she cower behind Dee as if she is in Dees shadow?In the story, the mother has a dream about reuniting with Dee. In her dream she thinks Maggie impart be nervous until after her sister goes she will stand hopelessly in corners, homely and ashamed of the burn scars down her arms and legs, eyeing her sister with a mixture of envy and awe.

Social Movements Compartion Essay -- Sociology

IntroductionWhy is it that specific movements succeed in broadening the electron orbit and scales of the struggle, whereas other do not? Given the dearth of resources at their disposal, social movements see to attract the attention, empathy, and support of third parties, as a way to ease the unfavorable asymmetric power structure in which they are situated. The importance of expanding the scope of contention and attracting supporters become even more critical in cases of heathenish driven movements, given the nature of their goals and the frequency with which restrictions are imposed on their collective sentiments by the state.Globalization and the Battle of Seattle Globalization describes what a consequence of mountain perceive as a fundamental change in the conditions of human life. Just what has changed and how it has changed, however, are matters of great contention. Nonetheless, current writing on globalization focuses on some specific trends that appear to have pushed the sources and implications of social action beyond state borders. Recent transformations in transportation and communications technologies have altered our horse sense of distance, radically compressing time and space. Territorial states have apparently lost some of their capacities to establish order or mediate change within their borders. The number and power of intergovernmental institutions and multinational corporations have grown remarkably. The communications media are increasingly global in both their reference and their reach, and the media also help provide resources in the building of transnational epistemic communities of immigrants or like-minded activists.Social movements ride the waves of these global processes and formations in turn, they begin to define ne... .... (1997). Arab national communism in the Judaic state. Gainesville, FL Florida University PressKeck, Margaret, and Kathryn Sikkink. 1998. Activists Beyond Borders Advocacy Networks in International Politics . Ithaca, NY Cornell University Press..Landau, J. (1991). The Arab minority in Israel, 1967 1991 Political aspects. New York Oxford University Press.Lustick, I. (1980b). Arabs in the Jewish State A study in the effective control of a minority population. Austin, TX University of Texas Press.Neuberger, B. (1993). The Arab minority in Israeli politics 1948-1992 From marginality to influence. Asian and Africa Studies, 27, 149-169Peoples Global Action. 2000. Worldwide Resistance Roundup Newsletter Inspired by Peoples Global Action. London.UN Development Programme. 2000. Human development report 2000 Overcoming human poverty. New York UNCP

Mimosa :: essays research papers

Separation from their original home was one of the many past events that caused tensions and turmoil in the midst of a father and his two daughters. While each individuals thoughts ab come forth each other fluxuated between both positive and negative, one thing remained constant through out the progression of the poem, the ever enduring presence of religion, faith and its beliefs. Religion has always had a place in the life of Vito and his family, he had his own ways of victimization his faith to comfort himself as well as his own visions on what a heaven would be to him, while his daughter also held a dependable faith in religion. Just as the weak Mimosa plant needs support to grow or face death, each of Vito&8217s daughters , curiously Lucia, has attached themselves to a faith, a religion to support and help themselves through life. Vito like many, have found a place for his faith. He believed that a square heaven would be back in his homeland, back in the garden that he cared for so dearly. This garden in fact acted like his own garden of Eden. For his character was like that of the tender Mimosa plant, which when faced with the slightest touch or trouble from an outside source, would recoil its leaves and take a defense position cheeseparing to the garden that it grew within. Vito would retreat to this garden to escape the troubles of the outside world when they became unbearable. He describes the garden to us as&8220The garden that kept them little children even as adultsThis could be taken as that it did not actually affect Vito physically young but rather it altered him mentally. He would become like pass and Eve before evil and like that of a young child, all ignorant of all troubles. Complexity and all other dilemma&8217s that plagued their lives. So in this garden he would escape his troubles through the means of ignoring them and not acknowledging their existence and thus a bit closer to peace, and less degrees of separation between himself an d his God. Though his daughters once also voiceed him in his &8220light, in essence his garden, it is said that his daughter, Lucia (an cleaver metaphor of Lucifer?) Is that of a luckless fallen angle, refusing to join him in his light. Lucifer himself was a fallen angle, and now Lucia clutches to

Free Definition Essays - A Baseball Fan :: Expository Definition Essays

A baseball Fan What is a baseball fan? The word fan is an abbreviation of the word fanatic, meaning insane. In the national of baseball fans, the term is very appropriate. They behave madly, they atomic number 18 insane about baseball trivia, and they are insanely loyal. Certainly the behavior of baseball fans is insane. They wear their formal team t-shirts and warm-up jackets to the mall, the store, the classroom, and, if they can get away with it, to work. Then, whenever the team offers a giveaway item, the fans rush out to get the roll-up hat, tote bag, or beer cooler offered that daylight . In addition, they cover their walls with items of every kind. A baseball fan will have his bedroom walls plastered with posters and ornamented with caps and buttons. When they go to a game, the true baseball fans ramble on their team colors, grab their pennants, pin on their team buttons, and even bring along hand-lettered bed sheet signs proudly proclaiming Go Dodgers or Braves are Number 1. At the game, these fans form a rooting section, constantly encouraging their favorite players and obediently echoing every cheer flashed on the electronic scoreboard. Baseball fans, in addition to behaving insanely, are also fascinated by baseball trivia. Every day they turn to the sports page and study last nights statistics. They simply essential see who extended his hitting streak and how many strikeouts the winning pitcher recorded. Their bookshelves are crammed full of record books, team yearbooks, and baseball almanacs. They delight in retentiveness such significant facts as who was the last left-handed third baseman to hit an inning-ending double play in the fifth game of the playoffs. Finally, baseball fans are insanely loyal to the team of their choice. Should the home teams players lose eight in a row, their fans may begin to call them bums. They may even suggest that the slumping cleanup slugger be sent to the minors or the manager fired. However, such reactions only hide their broken hearts. They still check the sports pages and tune in to get the score. Furthermore, this intent loyalty can make fans dangerous, for anyone who dares to say to a loyal fan that some other team has sharper fielding or a damp attitude could risk permanent, physical harm.

Autobiography Essay -- Louis MacNeice Poems Poetry Essays

AutobiographyThe title autobiography is ironic. This poem works on deception. Itssimple but deliberate deceptive as some emotions are quite dark. Thepoem characterises the illness and death of Louis MacNeices mother.The poem starts off quite felicitous, the use of colour is important inthis poem, as parking area suggests spring and happiness. Yellow suggestssunlight, youth and pleasant. Black suggests horrific and ghastlyimages and dark also suggests horrific and frightening images.The rhyming couplets give us a mother wit of ease in his childhood but therefrain Come back early or never come introduces us to loss andabandonment.MacNeice gives his mother happy colours like yellow, showing that heloved her, but he gives his father no colour at all showing that hedoesnt ...

Autobiography Essay -- Louis MacNeice Poems Poetry Essays

AutobiographyThe title autobiography is ironic. This poem works on deception. Itssimple but deliberate deceptive as some emotions are quite dark. Thepoem characterises the illness and death of Louis MacNeices mother.The poem starts off quite happy, the engross of colour in is important inthis poem, as green suggests spring and happiness. Yellow suggestssunlight, youth and pleasant. Black suggests horrific and ghastlyimages and dark also suggests horrific and frighten images.The rhyming couplets give us a sense of ease in his childhood but therefrain Come back early or neer come introduces us to loss andabandonment.MacNeice gives his mother happy colours like yellow, showing that heloved her, but he gives his father no colour at all showing that hedoesnt ...

The Supply And Demand Of UK Energy Environmental Sciences Essay

The brawn beginnings sess be split into three classs dodo fuels, re unsanded subject beginnings, and atomic index. To develop a better perceptiveness about each beginning it is indispensable to discourse all of them individually.1.1.1. Fossil fuels. They be called fogy fuels beca pulmonary tuberculosis they call for been formed from the organic remains of prehistoric workss and proclaim bes. Although in that location be umpteen different graphemes of dodo fuels, three ar particularly of import coal, crude fogey oil ( oil ) , and natural accelerator pedal. The theory seat fossil fuels is rather simple burning at the stake of coal, natural gas, and oil releases competency stored in the fuel as heating system. The released naught is so utilise to realize fore galvanizing goose egg.Coal is straightway the cheapest fuel in footings of production. Harmonizing to The Coal Authority, in that location are 15 active belowground coal mines and 36 active surfac e shaft sites in the UK, doing it a sum of 51. Together they produce 16.7 cardinal t wholenesss of coal end product ( yr 2009/2010, The Coal Authority, see Appendix 1 ) . equally good as beingness the cheapest option of fuel it is besides the to the highest degree polluting. Coal is an super unsporting beginning of male monarch, and imposes immense costs on hatful s wellness, the environment and the stinting placement, s wait on Keith Allott, ca dress of WWF-UK s clime alteration programme ( www.sciencedaily.com ) . First, acquiring coal from its beginning ( the Earth s bitterness ) is harmful and fouling to the landscape. Second, coal s combustion releases a toxi give the gatet cocktail of gases into the environment. Carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and little air impressborne atoms of coal venture into the air and H2O tot up ( www.associatedcontent.com ) .The UK is the largest manufacturer oil and natural gas in the EU. However, later on old ages of being a net exp orter of both fuels, the state became a net importer O natural gas in 2004. The G everywherenment estimations besides predict that the state result go a net importer of oil in the close time to come. ware from the UK oil and natural gas Fieldss peaked in late 1990s and has declined steadily over the past several old ages due to an addition in demand for skill besides because find of untried militias has non kept gait with the ripening of bing Fieldss ( www.doe.gov ) . raw(a) gas histories for over 40 % of electricity coevals in the UK while oil is to a great extent used by the industries and conveyance sector.At this minute, United Kingdom is extremely dependent on fossil fuels.Figure 1 Fuel used for UK electricity coevals on an end product footing in 2007Beginning Digest of UK heftiness Statistics ( DUKES )1.1.2. re new-fashi unmatchabledable Energy Sources.Renewable energy is the energy obtained from beginnings that are elementalally unlimited. Renewable beginnings of energ y include air authoritative, solar, biomass, hydro and ge separatemic energy ( www.business.qld.gov.au ) .Renewable energy became highly popular when the effects of fossil fuels to the environment and part to climate alteration became apparent. Their popularity is invariably lifting, particularly in states concerned about the environment.Wind energy is the most popular type of renewable energy in the UK. It is generated when the air latest rotates a turbine s blades which drive a generator to bring onward electricity.Harmonizing to BWEA, thither are 260 operational air current farms ( 12 of which are offshore ) in the UK bring forthing a sum of 4,491.15 MW of electricity. in that location besides are 23 onshore and 3 offshore wind farms under building. Consented undertakings are to throw another 189 onshore air current farms and 9 offshore air current farms ( www.bwea.com ) .Solar energy is a photovoltaic consequence which happens when exposure cells convert sunlight straight i nto electricity. This beginning of energy is non as popular in the UK as air current energy. However, it is rather common to utilize the Sun for heating the H2O pipes. Painting the thin pipes black and decorateing them in a greenhouse type dielectric can heat the H2O go forth and thusly cut bulge the cost of utilizing electricity to heat it. Photovoltaic cells can besides be used as roof tiles. They cover the roof of the edifice and take advantage of the Sun light coming from the Sun. This is trapped by the cell and sour into electricity ( www.bbc.co.uk ) .Biomass is biological stuff derived from life, or late populating beings. In the context of biomass for energy this is frequently used to intend works based stuff, but biomass can every bit use to both animate being and vegetable derived stuff. Five basic classs of the stuff are virgin wood, energy corps, agricultural residues, solid food waste and industrial waste and co-products ( www.biomassenergycentre.org.uk ) . Biomass can be used on a domestic or industrial scale.A For a biomass power works, the chipped, shredded and modify fuel is fed into a boiler or gasifier, from where the gas is collected and used to bring forth electricity and heat.A Biomass can besides be used at a much basic degree to bring forth heat for the place this is done most expeditiously utilizing a wood combustion range which can besides be an attractive characteristic in any home.A It is realistic with larger ranges to utilize a back boiler to egress all of the H2O warming and cardinal warming for a house.A Alternatively, a biomass boiler can be used for the same intent ( www.sundancerenewables.org.uk ) .There are many illustrations of energy crop/wood waste heating systems in BritainIn Ely, Cambridgeshire, a 31MW straw combustion works, the biggest and most effectual works in the universe, was commissioned late.A 350kW wood-burning boiler was installed at Weobley School in 1997.A Using topical anaestheticly adult wood, it heats the school itself every bit good as the substitute(prenominal) school on the bordering site.The National Botanic Garden of Wales and Singleton Park Botanic Gardens in Swansea are heated utilizing energy crops/wood waste.An increasing figure of farms are utilizing straw-fires boilers for on site warming demands in edifices and polytunnels.The Centre for Alternative Technology in Machynlleth, nary(prenominal)th Wales, are presently set abouting a undertaking to construct a Welsh Institute for Sustainable Education, which pass on include an advanced biomass combined heat and power micro turbine system linked to the territory warming system and grid.( .sundancerenewables.org.uk )Hydro energy or hydroelectric energy is generated by utilizing electricity generators to pull out energy from change of location H2O ( natural or manmade ) . hydroelectric energy can be used in two ways first manner is by constructing big reservoirs and dikes ( barriers build across a watercourse ) to pin down H2O and command its flow 2nd manner is by leting H2O to run machinery as it flows from a high reservoir to a low one ( www.eon-uk.com ) . Some facts about hydroelectric power in the United kingdomThere are seven 50MW hydroelectric power strategies in the UKThese workss need to be build near big lakes, reservoirs that are high above sea degree or where a batch of H2O can be dammedHydro energy supplies 1.2 % of the UK s electricity( www.eon-uk.com )Geothermal energy is the heat contained and produced by the warming of the Earth in two different ways. The more than goodish geothermic energy comes from the nucleus of the Earth, where the temperature reaches 4000 grades Celsius. The 2nd beginning of geothermic energy is a consequence of the Sun rays crushing down on the land surface.A good and proved method to pull out geothermic energy from the Sun is finished utilizing geothermic heat pumps. It is a genuinely sufficient and environmentally friendly manner of heating th e H2O ( www.clean-energy-ideas.com ) .1.2. Energy Demand and SupplyThe appetency for energy is turning every twenty-four hours. UK, being the largest manufacturer of oil and natural gas in the EU, is silent constrained to import fossil fuels in order to fulfill all energy demands.Harmonizing to a survey by the adviser Logica CMG, in merely eight old ages, demand for energy could surpass picture by 23 % at peak times ( training as of 2007, www.timesonline.co.uk ) . The loss to the economic system could be around ?108 billion each twelvemonth.The graduated table of the challenge is immense. By 2015, Britain s bring forthing energy could be cut by a 3rd as ageing coal and atomic power Stationss are closed. Britain is besides traveling from being self-sustaining in oil and gas as North Sea production started to worsen. In 2005, the UK became a net importer of gas. By 2020 imports could account for 80 % to 90 % of British gas demands ( www.business.timesonline.co.uk ) .Harmonizing t o the duster Paper, the UK faces two chief security of supply challengesIncreasing trust on imports of oil and gas in the universe where demand is lifting and energy is going more politicisedRequirement of significant mystical sector investing over the coming two decennaries in gas substructure, power Stationss and electricity webs( White Paper, www.berr.gov.uk )Despite a batch of unfavorable judgment, UK which presently generates 20 % of electricity from atomic power Stationss exit go on to utilize atomic power ( except the old atomic workss that are traveling to be closed down ) as the hazard of non run intoing the energy demand is even greater.1.3. The merchandise and Import of EnergyWhile the UK has benefited from autochthonal militias of oil and gas formany old ages, as the North Sea matures, the state will go progressivelydependant on imported energy. By 2010, gas imports could be run intoing upto a 3rd or more of the UK s entire annual gas demand, potentially lifting to about 80 % by 2020 on the footing of bing policies. The UK is besides already a net importer of oil, and by 2020 imports could be run intoing up to around 75 %of the UK s coal demand.Therefore UK has to do trustworthy that the market for fossil fuels, supported by appropriate political sympathies policies, continues to fasten tried supplies of these fuels at competitory financial values to people and concerns.The starting point for turn toing these hazards must be to cut down state s boilers suit energy usage through greater energy efficiency.Beyond that the giving medication must besides back up the development and deployment of non dodo fuel energy inside the UK to cut down the dependance on fossil fuels and to diversify the scope of energy beginnings available to the UK ( White Paper, www.berr.gov.uk )Chapter 2 Hazards involved with Fossil FuelsThere are a figure of hazards involved with fossil fuels. First of wholly, there is a fact that the fossil fuels are consuming in a quick rate and are harder to recover. With demand for energy turning fast, there is a possibility that non merely the United Kingdom but the whole Universe susceptibility be confronting an energy crisis in the close hereafter. Energy monetary value volatility will ( and already has ) become inevitable.The 2nd capriole with fossil fuels is the combat injury they cause for the environment. The negative effects are already demoing as the clime is altering and the Earth is warming up.Another job lies in the development of the economic system. The state needs rough oil for bring forthing the electricity and for conveyance. When the monetary value of oil goes up, so shed light on the monetary values of conveyance, family goods, and all basic merchandises.2.1. Oil Price VolatilityOil monetary values have neer been stable since 19 seventiess. Due to close to important historic, fiscal, and political events, the monetary value of petroleum oil has seen some crisp fluctuation over th e old ages. The most eventful fact about it is that when the monetary value of oil goes up so make the monetary values of energy and even primary trade goods.With oil militias worsening in the North Sea, UK is forced to import oil fromFigure 2 Crude Oil Prices, 1947-2009Beginning www.wtrg.com2.2. Militias of Fossil FuelsFossil fuels take 1000000s of old ages to organize. They form by a natural geological procedure from beings that died 100s of 1000000s of old ages ago.Today s modern and industrialized society is hurting for energy, and most of the energy is still obtained from fossil fuels. It is hence obvious that if the inhalation continues at this or even higher rate, there is a hazard of fossil fuels being exhausted ( www.typesofenergy.co.uk ) .However, there is a discordance between scientists over the militias of fossil fuels. For illustration, Bjorn Lomborg in The Sceptical surroundalist insists that we are non headed for a major energy crisis . Furthermore, he claims th at there is plentifulness of energy ( MacKay, D. , 2009 ) .David Goodstein, a physicist, on the other manus, says that the energy crisis is coming shortly. In fact, every bit shortly as 2015 or 2025. He predicts that the crisis will get down when the energy supply will non be able to run into the demand ( MacKay, D. , 2009 ) .UK Government s former main scientist, Sir David King agrees with D. Goodstein. In the article published by The Telegraph really late he claims that oil militias are exaggerated by one tierce which means they are really much lower than we know. Besides a squad of scientists and research workers from Oxford University assert that official figures are overstated because OPEC states over-reported militias in the 1980s in order to derive a competitory advantage for a planetary market circle ( www.telegraph.co.uk ) .United Kingdom is non an exclusion. The production of coal has shined significantly since around 1950s.Table 3 The Production of Coal, 1700-2025 ( predicted )Beginning www.claverton-energy.comHarmonizing to Dr Fred Starr of Claverton Energy Research Group, UK coal militias are now given as someplace between 400-800 one million million million of metric tons. Not the one million millions that everyone supposes. If the UK energy system was wholly dependent on coal, as it used to be, these stocks would last 2-4 old ages. ( www.claverton-energy.com ) .Furthermore, UK s oil militias in the North Sea are besides diminishing. Since the 1970s it has been a beginning of wealth for the British economic system. It besides meant that the state could cut its dependance on the Middle East oil. Despite the fact the clownish is one of the most ambitious for oil geographic expedition ( terrible air current blasts and 30 metres high moving ridges ) the North Sea has been a cardinal beginning of non-OPEC oil production over the last 20 old ages ( www.iags.org ) .While oil demand is s charge to increase in attack old ages, North Sea end prod uct peaked in 1999 and has been in diminution of all time since.However, oil manufacturers believe it is still possible to pull out 37bn barrels of oil from the North Sea. The job now is a worsening investing. With current investing merely some 11bn barrels could be extracted form the UK Continental shelf. Malcolm Webb, main executive of UK Oil & A liquid, said to The Telegraph in July 2009 that last twelvemonth, we had the recognition crunch, following twelvemonth we are flavor at an energy crunch ( www.telegraph.co.uk ) .Talking about UK gas militias, the state of affairs is comparatively better compared to oil and coal. The militias are rather high with the self-confidence for growing ( delight see Appendix 2 ) .Table 4 UK Gas Reserves, 1979-2008Beginning www.og.decc.gov.ukHowever, there is one unresolved issue refering gas its storage. Colder than ordinary winter last twelvemonth caused record backdowns of natural gas from UK storage and resulted in increased demand repl enishing storage installations in spring and summer. Therefore, UK marketable gas supplies so a lessening of 17 % on an one-year footing.Furthermore, diminution rate and colder conditions have contributed to a noticeable growing in UK LNG ( Liquefied Natural Gas ) imports and a diminution in natural gas supplies sent from the UK to Continental Europe. This form is expected to go on ( hypertext transfer protocol //europe.theoildrum.com ) .2.3. Environment and Climate ChangeClimate alteration is blamed on several human activities, but the biggest subscriber to climate alteration is the sum of babys room gases ( C dioxide emanations ) released into atmosphere. Most of these gases come from firing fossil fuels.How does climate alter impact the UK?In future, rainfall could significantly diminish in the summer ( peculiarly in the south E ) and significantly increase in the winter ( peculiarly in the north westbound ) . Heavier winter rainfall can to go more frequent, doing more flooding .The low-lying rise across the UK is projected to be between 20cm and 80cm by 2100. In the worst instance scenario, rises of up to 1.9 metres are possible.The summer heat moving ridge experienced in 2003 resulted in over 2,000 excess deceases in the UK. Such an event is likely to go normal by the 2040s or the 2050s.By the 2060s or 2070s, the intense temperatures of 2003 could go the mean temperature in summer.( ground Wide Web. actonco2.direct.gov.uk )On history of the above mentioned facts it is perfectly clear that there is an imperativeness demand to happen other ways of fulfilling the turning energy demands of the United Kingdom. crimson if it is non possible to retreat fossil fuels as a beginning of energy wholly there are other options of securing energy, e.g. Solar, air current or hydro power.Talking about nursery gases, The UK is already doing a important advancement. As the tabular array below shows, the strength of toxicant gas emanations is diminishing bit by bit since 1991.Table 5 United kingdom Greenhouse Gas Emissions Intensity, 1991-2007Beginning Office of National StatisticsChapter 3 Energy DebateEverybody agrees that there are a few jobs in the universe of energy today. Get belt down with clime alteration and coating with possible long-run deficits and energy security. Something has to be done, but what?Not merely UK Government but the from many states in the World are now get downing to acquire serious about funding research into alternate energy beginnings, puting up power Stationss fuelled by renewable energy beginnings and promoting the development of vehicles that run on alternate fuels.However, there are still some unfastened inquiries that are non answered or there is some dissension traveling on about them.3.1. UK Government s PositionUK Government is taking things really earnestly. The state has really about doubled the mark of 12.5 % decrease of nursery gas emanations agreed in Kyoto Protocol 1 ( www.decc.gov.uk ) .This Protocol was followed by Copenhagen Summit 2 in December 2009. Although it was nt every bit successful as Kyoto Protocol, UK engagement was a gesture of attention and concernment.UK Government has made few other stairss towards sustainability. One of so is the White Paper. First introduced in February 2003 ( Energy White Paper Our energy future making a low C economic system ) and subsequently rewritten in 2007 ( Meeting the Energy Challenge, A White Paper on Energy , May 2007, BERR ) . The spirit of this paper is to be after a scheme on how to salvage energy, develop cleaner energy supplies, and secure dear energy supplies at monetary values set in competitory markets ( A White Paper on Energy, www.berr.gov.uk ) .The cardinal elements of the scheme are give way an international model to undertake clime alteration. The thought buttocks is to brace the concentration of nursery gasses in the ambiance. Besides to beef up EU Emissions calling Scheme ( EU ETS ) in order to present a marke t monetary value for C and to be the footing for the planetary C market. This should guarantee the decrease of C emanations in the most cost-efficient manner.Provide lawfully adhering C marks for the whole UK economic system, increasingly cut downing emanations. The purpose is to cut down C dioxide emanations released into atmosphere by at least 60 % by 2050, and by 26 % -32 % by 2020 against a 1990 baseline. This has to be achieved through both domestic and international action. The Government besides has to put five-year C budgets, and topographic point adhering bounds on compound nursery gasses emanations.Make further advancement in accomplishing to the full competitory and crystalline international markets. Effective markets will guarantee that the universe s natural resources are used in the most efficient manner. Further liberalization of EU energy markets is an of import portion of this.Promote more energy salvaging through better specifyation, inducements and ordinance. The Government is traveling to work on taking barriers that would impact cost-efficient energy efficiency steps to lift.Supply more support for low C engineerings. As private sector entirely might non be able to put sufficiently in research, development, presentation and deployment of new low C engineerings, the Government demands to convey advancing a planetary investing.Ensure the right conditions for investing. The Government has to present a clear and stable regulative government, including for valuing C, to cut down uncertainness for concern and aid to guarantee sufficient, timely investing. It besides needs to better the planning system and to supply better information and analysis of long-run energy market tendencies to inform energy buying and investing determinations.( A White Paper on Energy, www.berr.gov.uk )The last point summarises Government s function in encouraging concerns and industries to put in renewable energy best. It is a fact that without aid, information, indu cements, and fiscal support little to medium sized concerns ( perchance even big concerns ) would likely non be able to put the necessitated sum of attempt and money needed to go more sustainable in footings of energy.3.2. Nuclear Power?Harmonizing to Nuclear Industry Association, there are 23 atomic power reactors in the UK, bring forthing electricity at nine sites. The electricity supplied by atomic power Stationss histories for over one fifth of UK s electricity.The industry contributes about ?3.3 billion to UK Gross Domestic Product. It exports over ?650 million goods and services each twelvemonth. The atomic industry is an of import portion of the UK s scientific discipline and engineering base.A major positive thing about atomic power is that it does non lend to climate alteration as it does nt bring forth C dioxide emanations. moreover what about atomic waste?Nuclear waste is excessively unsafe to be exposed and can non be destroyed nor recycled. It has to be stored in partic ular containers and placed in secure sites.In the UK, around 120,000,000 M3 of atomic waste is generated per twelvemonth ( www.world-nuclear.org ) . Compared to fossil fuels, it is really small. But excluding in head that this waste has to be stored and corsets active for 1000s of old ages, it all of a sudden looks like a immense sum.Other concern is the asylum of atomic power Stationss. Even though UK s power Stationss are rated as of first-class security degree, the universe has seen some major catastrophes. For illustration, when on April 26, 1986 the No. 4 reactor at the Chernobyl power works exploded in former U.S.S.R. doing the worst atomic accident of all time. The World Health arranging found that the radioactive dust from the detonation was improbably far-reaching. For a clip, radiation degrees in Scotland, over 1400 stat mis off, were 10,000 times the norm. The effects are felt to this twenty-four hours there is an increased figure of people enduring from malignant neop lastic disease in environing countries and a mutant of workss ( www.wagingpeace.org ) .A batch of scientists are doubting towards atomic power. The chief constituent of production of atomic power is uranium, which is a radioactive metallic component, of course happening in most stones, dirt, and even ocean. Therefore it is a fossil fuel. Physicist David Goodstein, after warning about forthcoming oil crisis says that if all energy demands were to be switched to atomic power, the oil crisis would merely be replaced by a atomic crisis in around 20 old ages clip, as uranium militias besides became low ( McKay, JC, 2009 ) .However, in November 2009, the Government has approved 10 sites in England and Wales for new atomic power Stationss. Most of them will be located where there are already workss ( www.bbc.co.uk ) .The Government is certain that without energy generated by atomic power workss it will non be able to vouch adequate supply for turning demand every bit good as will non be ab le to run into its ain marks of cutting down the C dioxide emissions how it is stated in A White Paper.But environmental candidates say it is an expensive and soiled option and the authorities could be unfastened to legal challenges.3.3. Clean Coal?With coal being the most polluting type of fuel, it is hard to take in such(prenominal) thing as clean coal . However, the new engineerings are being developed to turn out that combustion of coal can really be clean.Clean coal engineering is referred to carbon gaining apply and storage ( segregation ) engineering ( CCS ) . This engineering is said to cut down emanations of C dioxide and other nursery gasses that are released while firing the coal. The engineering works by pumping and hive awaying emanations underground while incorporate gasification combined rhythm gasifies coal to cut down CO2 emanations.Possibly the most popular illustration of a coal-based works utilizing C gaining control engineering is Vattenfall s Schwarze Pumpe w orks in Germany. However, it has non yet been demonstrate that C stored resistance will be able to remain at that place indefinitely ( www.wikipedia.org ) .In April 2009 UK Government gas given the go-ahead to new coal-burning power workss equipped with such new engineerings. But on status that it can turn out it can cut down nursery emanations ( www.bbc.co.uk ) .Even environmental candidates welcomed the move but said any new Stationss would still let go of more C than they stored.On the other manus, Energy secretaire Ed Miliband says these new engineerings altering the manner of bring forthing the power from coal would let the UK to take the universe in the engineering and maintain coal within the UK s energy alloy without abandoning clime alteration committednesss. He added that successful CCS development could cut C emanations from coal by 90 % and that there is no alternate to CCS if we are serious about contending clime alteration and retaining a diverse mix of energy b eginnings for our economic system. ( www.bbc.co.uk ) .However, some concerns were raised that one million millions of lbs of taxpayers money was being spent on engineering that remains unprovenaThe inquiry stays unfastened in the average clip. Is it authentically deserving puting one million millions of lbs ( allow entirely they are revenue enhancement remunerators money ) in a engineering that has non been proven yet? Should nt the Government be more provoke in puting in energy beginnings that are 100 % emanations free? This inquiry is yet to be answered in the close hereafter.3.4. The Position of SocietyUK is the state that is truly interested in its part to cut downing C footmark and to procure energy supplies in the hereafter. So are a batch of the persons populating in the UK they get involved in environmental runs, recycle their waste, want the Government to move faster on exchanging to renewable energy, and show their concerns over clime alteration.However, sometimes ent husiasm is taken over by wholly opposite feelings. Let s take air current farms as an illustration. They are so a 100 % environmentally friendly beginning of energy. Equally good as that, windmills are immense buildings that stand tall and broad to capture more air current and are really noticeable.When the first air current farm was build in Delabole in Cornwall, an independent before and after survey indicated that 80 % of the local people asked said it made no difference to their day-to-day life, 44 % approved and 40 % approved strongly. In the before survey, 40 % of local people interviewed thought it was traveling to be visually intrusive, but this fell to 29 % after it was set up and running. Many expected there would be some noise jobs beforehand but after it was running 80 % of people felt the noise was nt a job ( NATTA ) .Even though the after survey showed improved Numberss, there were still people ( 29 % ) that felt the position of the landscape was someway destroyed b y windmills. And some of the people ( 20 % ) found the noise was an issue.Furthermore, there are web sites like www.bhats.co.uk which agitate for saving the small towns from industrial turbines and conservationists like James Lovelock, who says that air current farms will lay waste to the countryside pointlessly ( www.bhats.co.uk ) .At the same clip, UK is a perfect topographic point for air current farms. Scotland entirely gets more air current than all of the Europe. The state could profit by constructing more air current farms but it will non be able to make so if local occupants will be against.Chapter 4 Future Outlook of Energy in the UKThe hereafter of energy in the UK is controversial. Critics say the state will be confronting an energy sprinkle in the close hereafter while others insist that everything is and will be all right. But with demand for energy turning quickly and with marks set by the Government are to be met, there is a inquiry arising how and what beginnings of energy will rule in the hereafter?4.1. Prospects for Fossil Fuels Fossil fuels will stay the dominant energy beginning there is no alternate John Loughhead, Executive Director of UK Energy Research CentreHarmonizing to the panel of cl experts, despite enlargement of renewable energy and the demand of atomic power, fossil fuels will stay the pillar of energy supply in the UK up to the twelvemonth 2050. The panel draw a decisionGenerating capacity deficit of 7-16GW by 2015Equivalent to about 20 % of current capacityWithout demand to keep emanations, air could be bridged easyFossil fuels will stay the dominant engineeringNuclear is proven and dependable, but edifice takes at least a decade determination needed shortlyRenewables could provide 40 % of coevals by 2050( www.bbc.co.uk )This decision is non really optimistic nor is acceptable to conservationists.Even the White Paper states that fossil fuels like oil and coal will go on to play a cardinal function in the energy system hereafter. The Government hence plans to maximize the economic recovery of the staying militias of oil and gas by hiking investing in the North Sea. It besides plans to set up new substructure to the West of Shetland to enable extra gas and oil to be exploited.However, fossil fuels are merely one side of the decoration. There is besides a theory for the hereafter of renewable energy.4.2. Prospects for Renewable EnergyRenewable energy is playing a cardinal function in cut downing C emanations and accomplishing security of supply in the hereafter. Furthermore, the mark set by the Government is to accomplish 20 % of electricity coevals from renewable energy by twelvemonth 2020. It is non traveling to go on without Governments intercession or investing. It really all depends on how much attempt is traveling to be put in doing it go on.In 2002, the Government introduced a mechanism called Renewables Obligation 3 ( RO ) . RO has been successful in stimulating investing in renewable ener gy undertakings. It does this by puting an Duty on accredited electricity providers to beginning an increasing proportion of their electricity gross revenues from renewable beginnings or to pay a punishment ( the buy-out monetary value ) . The RO s purpose is to supply a model of fiscal inducements to put in renewables with the long-run end of back uping the passage of renewables into the mainstream of the UK s competitory electricity market. The degree of the Obligation is presently set to increase in one-year stairss from 7.9 % in 2007/08 to 15.4 % by 2015, and to stay at that degree until 2027 when the mechanism will stop ( White Paper, www.berr.go.uk ) .However, harmonizing to greenpeace.org.uk, the marks of RO so far have been missed. Energy consultancy Oxera estimated that the RO in its current signifier will present merely 8.1 % of supply from renewables by 2010, 11.4 % by 2015 and 11.5 % by 2020 ( as of 2007, www.greenpeace.org.uk ) .Is the Government making plenty to back u p the growing of renewable energy beginnings?The reply to that is likely no. Everyone agrees that it is a cardinal beginning of energy in the hereafter yet still more is being invested in oil development of gas and oil from the North Sea or C gaining control and storage ( which has nt even been proven to be effectual yet ) .Therefore the chances for renewable energy in the UK are a small fuzz. It does necessitate some immense investings, but is nt energy future and security priceless?4.3. Possible SolutionsThere are rather a few solutions how the Government, concerns and persons could lend to pull remove the energy supply before the deficit appears. Possibly every individual 1 has already been discussed in the past by different panels but still deserving looking into.Possible solution 1 velocity bounds on the roads could be lowered. Cars and other vehicles are known as being the worst defilers. Reducing the velocity bound non merely would better the safety issue on the roads, it wo uld besides intend that less toxicant gasses are being released into atmosphere.Possible solution 2 people should take to drive more energy efficient autos. There is a difference between a knowing auto with an engine of 0.7 litre and a Porsche 911 with an engine of 3.0 litres. If people chose to drive small-engine autos it would be good to the environment and the roads but it would besides intend small gasoline measures for the driver.Possible solution 3 addition in route revenue enhancements for autos with engines larger than 1.4 litres. Sometimes the lone manner to promote people to make something is via statute law.Possible solution 4 introduce an inducements strategy for purchasing a fuel efficient auto.Possible solution 5 Promote the use of public conveyance more. Buss are frequently running empty while the roads are full of autos. If more people used public conveyance, there would nt be as many autos on the roads.Possible solution 6 physique more energy efficient places and fit the old 1s with new energy efficient merchandises, e.g. Windowss. Last winter being colder than normally has caused some serious issues refering gas militias in the UK. It would non be such a large job if more houses in the UK were less dependent on states militias.Possible solution 7 promote electrical vehicles. Not merely should the Government advance electrical vehicles but besides introduce some inducements for people purchasing them. These vehicles are five times more efficient compared to petrol powered 1s and bring forth 0 % of C emanations.Possible solution 8 invest more in renewable energy beginnings. It has to get down some twenty-four hours and there is non clip to detain it. Not merely to better the quality of air but besides to go more independent. It applies to all the Government, concerns, and persons.The list of possible solutions could travel on. But even if three of the above mentioned would be taken and looked at earnestly and followed by matching actions, th e state of affairs would better slightly.4.4. Why Should Businesses commit in Renewable Energy?Before sing the benefits involved with concern exchanging to renewable energy it would possibly be interesting to happen out where should one start when believing about such move.First of all, in order to take the most appropriate engineerings, the concern should place and see such factors as its current energy use, overall ingestion, and fluctuations in demand. It should besides place the countries where it would be possible to cut down energy use. It is of import to place what energy mix would suite the concern best are some engineerings that can merely bring forth either electricity or heat, while others can bring forth both ( www.businesslink.gov.uk ) .The benefits are important. The chief 1s would includeThe decrease of part to climate alterationImproved environmental certificates strengthen the trade name. More and more clients, stakeholders and investors are demoing an involvement in covering with concerns that are environmentally responsibleExemption from paying the responsibility under the clime alteration levy 4 Constructing relationships with concerns that have similar valuesStabilise energy costs. Renewable energy monetary values will remain stable whereas monetary values of fossil fuels are fluctuatingFuture proofing. Renewable energy usage will go more widespread with clip. With statute law already puting marks for its usage upon certain new developments, exchanging sooner instead than subsequently would give the concern early experience of renewable energyIt is indispensable to advert, that there is a fiscal aid available for concerns which invest in renewable energy. A scope of grants, loans and even awards introduced by the Government are available to assist concerns, e.g. Applied Research Grant, tone Regeneration Grant, Business Commitment to the Environment ( BCE ) Environmental Leadership Award SME Award, Green Business of the Year Award, Carbo n Trust Interest-Free Loans, Energy Efficiency Loans, and many others ( www.businesslink.gov.uk ) .The above stated list of benefits is rather extended. However, two of them truly stand out. First one is that the money that company is traveling to be salvaging on energy measures in the hereafter. That is because every concern, foremost of all, is about doing a net income. Second one is non being dependent on dodo fuels which monetary values are fluctuating invariably and, moreover, fossil fuels are a major cause of clime alteration.

Bridge Analysis

The overall goal in completing this project of bridge analyses was to come up with a framework or model of a bridge that is structured in assemble to meet supreme standards of practic commensurate performance and fortitude. In realizing this goal, in attainment seek was completed analyzing preceding bridge contests in order to determine which style of bridge withstood numerous tests and has exhibited the best results in terms of its achieving quality of standards.The results of the research study and bridge analysis revealed that the W-shape style of bridge is the most stable and highly favorable model or structure, considering concepts regarding the true obligate formation. The design of the W-shape truss enables the walls of the test jig to endure the bridges load. Summary Several tests were conducted in order to finalize the design of the W-shape style, including the integration of matching members of the same dimensions, and afterwards the use of three trusses. However, both tests failed the standards set regarding member sizes and considerations of geometrical dimensions.In the end, the most favorable conditions were exhibited by the W-shape style designed with two trusses. The Performance place and the clog of Load at Failure were obtained from comprehensive analysis of bridges in preceding contests. The former was utilized in order to come up with spotty calculations predicting what the Load at Failure will be, while the latter was concluded based on factual evidences that prove how the Performance Rating of the bridge is influenced by the dimensions and figures of the members.The Performance Rating is adjusted by keeping in mind that cross-sectional argonas should be proportional to the load to be carried. Interpretations Several trials were conducted in order to test the influence of the chief(prenominal) condensation members and the member cross-sections to the constancy of the bridge. The first trial instituted a bridge design with two ma in compression members and a cross-sectional area with dimensions equal to 820 mm. Three brace supports were integrated into the design.The results of the first trial have revealed how the number of brace supports influenced the internal forces playacting on the main compression members. To determine how the stability of the bridge is to be maintained while decreasing the load or weight, the reduction of the number of cross-sectional area of the main compression members was conducted. The second trial integrated the addition of bracing members, which changed the displacement values and axial compression on the main compression members.After several trials, putting into consideration the dimensions and figures of the main compression members, the number of brace supports, and the dimensions of the cross-sectional areas in order to decrease the internal forces acting on the main compression members, the reduction of displacement values and axial compression acting on the main compres sion members, the decrease of the load or weight, and the sustenance of stability and fortitude of the bridge, the final design constituted main compression members with cross-sections of dimensions that are equal to 8 x 20 mm up to 6 x 10 mm.Conclusion Information obtained from in depth analysis of the results, the final dimensions and structure of the W-bridge, the results of the calculations that will be found at the end of this text utilizing the S-Frame, the bridge is able to withstand increased weight of load in contrast to the results of the calculations obtained through the S-Frame framework.Discrepancies between the result of the trials and calculations, the ideal structure of the bridge, and the actual structure of the bridge, were caused by the unfitness to follow the supposed dimensions of the members and the location of the forces that are intended to act on the members. The actual design of the bridge, slightly differing from the ideal dimensions and specifications pre sented on the first table are illustrated below. Estimated Weight of the Bridge 1 stick approximately 1 g. 35g. support 8g. cross bracing 18g angled bracings & centre brace 35g side tension members 85 g main compression members SUM 181g (sticks) Weight of Glue Used approximately 20g or more Weight of Sticks and Glue Combined approximately 201g or more Estimated Performance Rating & Load Failure Weight of Bridge 201 g. or 0. 443 lbs. Load at Failure 1672 lbs. or 7. 5 KN Performance Rating 3800 lbs/lb Performance Rating = Load at Failure (lbs) = 1672 lbs. = 3774 lbs. Weight of Bridge (lbs) 0. 443 lbs.

Workplace Bullying Activists

Gary Namie, PhD, Ruth Namie, PhD & Pamela Lutgen-Sandvik, PhD In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. Cooper (Eds. ) Workplace intimidate Development in Theory, Research and Practice (2nd edition). London Taylor & Francis 2009, in press Ch altoge therenging Workplace determent in the USA A Communication and moldivist Perspective founding The destinations of the multi-faceted 12- course of instructionold campaign sp eat up a penny been to raise aw arness, and to reverse acceptance, of employ ballyrag in the United States. In this chapter, we discuss the Workplace blustering(a) Institutes (WBI, constituteplace ballyrag. rg) efforts with tierce principal constituent groups and report the current state of progress as well as the barriers we continue to face in meeting those goals. The organization has a long hi bilgewater of assistance for bullied workers, legislative advocacy and collaboration with academics (e. g. , Lutgen-Sandvik, Namie & Namie, 2009 Neuman, 2000 Yamada, 20 08 Yamada, 2002). Prior to detailing the state of U. S. aw arness regarding the bully phenomenon, we outline the primordial ideas behind intercourse campaigns that focus on public health issues, such as body of work ballyrag, and persuasion theories relevant to the work.We then review the current state of this campaign in the United States focusing on efforts directed at threesome(a) groups the public e. g. , bullied workers (targets), witnesses, nonbelievers, lawmakers, and employers. We close with work yet to be d angiotensin converting enzyme and future directions to continue these U. S. endeavors. general Health Campaigns Communication campaigns foc employ on reducing threats to public health rush four essential elements (Salmon & Atkin, 2003). First, they ar intended to generate specific outcomes. In the anti- intimidation campaign, these goals be to raise aw beness and reverse acceptance of workplace blustering(a) in the United States.Second, campaigns redek to m eet their goals with a variety of constitu- ent groups or s get wordholders. The severalise stakeholders in the anti- hector campaign are some unrivaleds execr equal because of strong-arm, organizational decision makers responsible for work environments, and lawmakers who arrive the power to mandate worker protections against psychological violence at work. Third, public health campaigns meet these goals with stakeholder groups through an organized set of communication activities (Salmon & Atkin, p. 450).How puke the families of the veteran better understand what to expect and how to deal with their loved ones suffering from PTSD?An important aspect of public health campaigns is segmentation of stakeholder audiences and crafting pass ons specifically targeting particular audiences. Message efficiency is maximized when the intended audiences are allegeed according to commodiousness and effectiveness is maximized when cores are tailored for specific audiences. There are th ree constituent groups ringed by the U. S. anti- intimidate campaign. First, we strive to mentor targeted workers directly through instruct and indirectly through bladesites, speeches, and the self- serve up intensity for bullied workers and their families, The Bully at Work (Namie & Namie, 2009a).A nonher campaign focus is the internal, grassroots-lobbying project to enact anti- browbeat legislation (authored by law professor David Yamada, see his chapter in this volume) in the states. The third focus is devising interventions for employers who voluntarily adopt determent stripe policies and procedures. Applicable Persuasion Theories Two theoretical models of persuasion derived from accessible psychology are withal applicable to the goals of convincing Ameri rotters that workplace push around is a negative societal phenomenon deserving mitigation and impressionual eradication.The premier is companionable judgment theory (SJT) (Sherif & Sherif, 1968). SJT posits cogniti ve processes that explain attitude throw. Opinions tied to ones self-identity are said to be anchored and resistant to change. So when a message is formulated to change ones opinion toward bullying, the degree of in-person (or ego) involvement initially determines how the person will evaluate the persuasion attempt. In practice, personal or vicarious involvement with bullying incidents is a good predictor of a lawmakers willingness to sponsor legislation.Pre-existing categories by which spick-and-span information is judged are (1) the latitude of acceptance for acceptable positions (with an egoassociated anchor opinion setting the size of the latitude, i. e. , tolerance) (2) the latitude of noncommitment are those positions which are neither accepted nor rejected and (3) the latitude of rejection for positions actively opposed. Incoming information is distorted to fit those categories. correspond to SJT, people are or so persuaded when non predisposed to favor the communicated position if they are initially on-committal or indifferent near the issue. In order to for a person to understand and concur with the anti-bullying activists positions, the message recipient, regardless of constituent group, must be able to suck up the position because the difference betwixt the persons anchor (starting) opinion and the activists argument is small to moderate. People indifferent just some bullying stinkpot also be convinced to adopt the activists position if the individuals anchor position is close to her or his acceptance zone. Large discrepancies do not lead to change.Rather than assimilation of disconfirming messages, they are rejected out of hand. SJT does partially explain the inflexibility of twain the targeted worker and employer costative who oft make themselves entrenched in adversarial roles, apiece unwilling or unable to understand the others attitudes toward bullying. A much nuanced theory of persuasion that burn fol humiliated up to anti- bullying activism is the elaboration standardizedlihood model (ELM) (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986). This cognitive process model derives its name from the likelihood that a person thinks deeply (elaborates) about a message when undefended to it.The basic premise of this model is that the route by which a message persuades its recipients depends on their involvement with the message an aspect shared with the SJT. Two routes exist the exchange route and the skirting(prenominal) route. In the former, people have both the motivation (strength of desire to process the message, love of cognitive engagement) and the ability to critically evaluate the message. According to ELM, people with both motivation and ability will diligently process information via central route processing.They will look for and respond to strong arguments in favor of the message and counter what they perceive as weak arguments. When people lack the motivation or ability to evaluate the message, they are more seemi ng to respond to cues associated with the message (peripheral route processing), such as entertainment value or association with a celebrity spokesperson, quite an than the content of the arguments. In petty, spirited involvement leads to central processing resembling traditional hierarchy models imp everyplaceished involvement leads to peripheral processing.Petty and Cacioppo (1986) considered attitudes which are the product of central route processing to be more accessible, persistent, resistant to change, and a better predictor of behavior than when the peripheral route is taken. Conditions that promote high elaboration hind end also scratch the extent to which a person has confidence in, and thus faiths, her or his own thoughts in retort to a message (Petty, Brinol, & Tormala, 2002). After one invests metre and cognitive effort to compress the merits of persuasive arguments, adoption of those positions serves a self-validating role.However, high elaboration is difficul t to achieve for different reasons for the three constituent groups in the campaign against workplace bullying. First, targeted workers in an emotional, elicit and negative state often lack the ability to take the central, more psychogenicly demanding route to learn about the bullying phenomenon. Most targets learn initially about bullying on the internet, on television or from a unfermentedspaper article. Contemporary website design corporates peripheral cue complexity (moving images, multiple columns, colors, engraft videos, lots of graphics) to pique the attention of minimally involved web browsers.Targets strained by the stresses of bullying are capable of little more than minimal involvement. The WBI web designer changed the site from its original voluminous, content-rich, besides if barely navigable, version to a newer one with augmented attention to peripheral details so as to not burden targets searching for answers to fundamental interrogates. The ELM offers sophist icated explanations for Googles efficient, text-establish, targeted advertisements resulting in clickthrough rates 10 times more effective than banner advertising (McHugh, 2004).The low peripheral cue complexity of text- unless ads is precisely what the central route processor is seeking concise information directly related to the economic or loving outcome sought, allowing them to process significant amounts of information efficiently and thoroughly. On the other hand, the high degree of peripheral cue complexity designed into banner ads with glossy colors and motion graphics entices the casual, low involvement web surfer. This information complexity variable is important to anti-bullying activists because initial interactions with bullied individuals are primarily through website wholesalers.There is one other variable that interacts with effectiveness of web content for bullied individuals the phase of the bullying episode when the visitor discovers the website. In the begin ning of bullying episodes, targeted workers are consumed with stabilizing and sensemaking tasks to head with the uninvited assault that disrupted their psychological comfort (Lutgen-Sandvik, 2008). Bombardment with information (central route processing in the ELM model) during acute phases is ineffective. Next, targets begin to respond to the suffering and stigma ttached to bullying by neutralizing and countering accusations purported by the bully. Repairing ones reputation comes next as shame is gradually reversed. In the post-bullying phase, when targets are no overnight vulnerable to bullying, grieving over the losses (e. g. , belief in justice) and major life and career restructuring take precedence. At this point, targets may be able to incorporate information necessary for recovery. The lesson for communicating effectively to bullied targets is that when they are able to be involved, e. g. calm enough to digest more than a couple of paragraphs, and sufficiently motivated, e. g. , to emergency to understand the complexity of their bullying problem, comprehensive, substantive resources should be available for them. Bullying website designers have to consider the different phases through which bullied targets pass in order to hone the utility of the site for emotional visitors who demand immediacy as well as visitors capable of contemplative, in-depth information processing. A majority of U. S. lawmakers have difficulty incorporating the message that a law should be enacted.Applying ELM theory to their receptivity, we conclude that few are sufficiently motivated. A lawmakers likely motivation to pressurize workers rights is blocked by a counter-campaign to protect and enlarge employers rights by stemma lobbyists who outspend labor activists by a 401 ratio in election campaign contributions. Further, the ability of lawmakers to attend to the details of the persuasive arguments in favor of anti-bullying legislation is undermined by their hectic agendu ms during short legislative seasons in around states (varying from 60-180 days per year). Few have time to exact any issue in depth.Lawmakers are swayed more by vivid, televised tales of egregious crimes for which laws are hastily crafted. Prevalent phenomena like bullying are considered routine, thus, relatively benign and not covered daily in the media. Therefore, when lobbying for legislation, we are careful to devote virtually face-to-face meeting time to descriptions of horrific experiences (emotionally-charged tales enhance attention through pe- ripheral cue complexity) told by individuals. The less obligate prevalence statistics and reports are left behind with lawmakers for subsequent perusal (and hopefully for elaboration and incorporation).Employer motivation and ability to character reference workplace bullying in America are both lacking. There is no inherent executive director end about the phenomenon that is learned through internal complaint channels. When bu llying is reported, 44% do nothing and 18% worsen the situation for the targeted worker (Namie, 2007). The employer record of inactivity is revisited in the Employer section of this chapter. A Bullying-Tolerant Society A societal explanation for American employer indifference is the preference for individualistic, war-ridden, and abusive responses to interpersonal problems is comm solitary(prenominal) accepted.It is normative when all types of interpersonal mis intercession are rationalized as necessary because its just business as if there were no personal consequences for the actions taken. For instance, Levitt (2009) wrote for a financial sector issue In a competitive environment, an assertive and take charge style is usually rewarded. If a manager exhorts and pushes subordinates to perform while those people who are neat by nature, may view the exhortations as bullying. From this perspective, bullied workers are evidently the rude, discourteous and unsuccessful ones.A Tenne ssee appellate court decision stated in a 2007 courting that without proof of discrepancy, the fact that a supervisor is mean, hard to get along with, overbearing, belligerent or otherwise hostile and abusive does not violate civil rights statutes. (Frye v. St. motioning Thomas Health Services, 227 S. W. 3d 595. as cited in Davis, 2008). The decision implies that anything goes if the conduct is not explicitly il lawful. Corporate employment law attorneys frequently defend bullying perpetrators in cases and are their best apologists.Mathiason and Savage (2008) told a revealing story about a bully in their own law office. Clearly there is a type of abusive treatment that exceeds the standards of our firm. Yelling at staff for no reason, blaming associates for perceived errors in such a demeaning manner that their self-confidence is confused and turnover is out of control, are typefaces of conduct that destroys teamwork and office morale we do accept and value an individual teac hing style that is very demanding of new associates. In other words, abuse is an allowable difference in style that trumps out of control turnover.Another legal writer discounted the bullying experience by blaming targeted individuals as employees who cant handle valid criticism from supervisors and who then interpret it as harassment or bullying (Baldas, 2007). Jeff Tannenbaum, a lawyer formerly at the San Francisco Littler Mendelson office, agree with the courts general rejection of the argument that U. S. workers should be free from abusive treatment at the hands of bosses or coworkers (Bess, 1999). Tannenbaum asserted that America not only has more laws than it can handle, but that bullying has its benefits. This country was built by mean, aggressive, sons of bitches, said Tannenbaum. Would Microsoft have do so many millionaires if Bill Gates hadnt been so aggressive? Tannenbaum said that inappropriate bullying was in the eye of the beholder. Some people may need a little app ropriate bullying in order to do a good job. He asserts that those who claim to be bullied are really just wimps who cant handle a little plastic criticism (Bess, 1999). In short, American employers exert uni afterwardal control over most work conditions with only 7. 5% of the non- politicsal workforce represented by a union.Unlike other countries where workers enjoy constitutional protections of personal rights, American workers are at will employees facing immediate termination without a just-cause necessary. The confidence that business dominates bon ton and the political world was illustrated by a boast from Tom Donahue, president of the U. S. Chamber of Commerce, arguably the most powerful and best funded of all the business lobbying groups. He said, Im con- cerned about anti-corporate and populist rhetoric from candidates for the presidency, members of Congress and the media.It suggests to us that we have to demonstrate who it is in this society that creates jobs, wealth an d benefits and who it is that eats them (Hamburger, 2008). To challenge bullying is to defy societal norms. Bullying is not the exception. Bullying is not yet taboo here. It is an acceptable operational tactic in the under-regulated corporate world, which takes pride in its ability to dominate labor. Workers dare not complain. This is the context of unbalanced employer-employee power facing the U. S. campaign against workplace bullying. Despite the hurdles, we have enjoyed modest success with goal attainment.We next report progress in the U. S. campaign with respect to each of the three involved constituent groups the general public, lawmakers, and employers. Group 1 The General piece beings The benefits of an in organise public are twofold. First, familiarity with the topic helps remove its stigma. Second, people will salaryl empowered to challenge bullyings current acceptance. Starting the act We began with a traumatic bullying experience that affected our family. Dr. Ruth N amies tale was the inaugural story for the movement. Her mistreatment came at the hands of a fellow charr disciplinemaster in a psychiatry clinic.Approximately one year after resolution of the case, we ascertained the British term workplace bullying. In 1997, we started the Workplace Bullying Institute (originally the Campaign Against Workplace Bullying) to help individuals. WBI originally provided three paths for bullied individuals to find deport (1) a toll-free telephone crisis line, (2) a dedicated website with a increment collection of articles about the phenomenon and the posting of online surveys to complete and dissemination of research findings, and (3) a self-help book published one year after our start. In January 2000, we staged the first U. S. orkplace bullying conference in Oakland, California. It was an unfunded two-day event. Many of the international speakers and presenters who graciously attended at their own expense are authors of several chapters in this bo ok Michael Sheehan, Charlotte Rayner, Ken Westhues, David Yamada, and Loraleigh Keashly. In September 2000, Suffolk University Law School hosted a morsel conference in Boston that focused on the legal challenges facing the workplace bullying movement. The crisis line was publicized first in two national newspapers. We coached over 5,000 emotionally wounded people 1 hour at a time in three years.We learned that it is important to establish limits for telephone counselors because the risk of vicarious trauma is high. We had to stop the inordinately expensive service. Charging a fee for coaching reduced significantly the number of callers. WBI founders brought to the movement prior academic preparation in social and clinical psychology experience in treatment for family systems therapy, chemical dependency and domestic violence years of university teaching management and psychology business consulting corporate management combined with experience in behavioral research methodology, survey design and statistical analyses.Legal expertise was provided by colleague, David Yamada, soon after the organization began. Future advocacy groups should not rely solely on veterans of the bullying wars. Expertise is needed from individuals who did not personally experience bullying. These experts can learn about all aspects of bullying. They are less likely than bullying victims to be adversely affected from working with, and on behalf of, traumatized individuals. Website visitors expect information to be free. Bullied workers often lose their jobs (Namie, 2007) and cannot afford to pay for necessary legal or mental health services.Groups desiring to emulate our nonprofit organizations commitment to helping bullied workers are advised to secure funding to sustain the effort. Consulting and training services for employers and fees for professional speeches support WBIs work. In 2009, Britains pioneering organization, the Andrea Adams Trust, closed its charitable operation aft er 15 years due to lack of funding. The Media as Communication Partners give thanks to 800+ media interviews and appearances, workplace bullying in the U. S. is now publicly recognized. Our relationship with media is mutually beneficial.Media get a popular story WBI is able to reach Americans at no cost via television, radio, newspapers and magazines sometimes with a national broadcaster or publisher, at other times local. The burgeoning blogosphere on the internet also helps carry the message that workplace bullying is a common, unconscionable, but legal, form of mistreatment. film The Devil Wears Prada, in which a powerful woman magazine publisher doubleedly berates and humiliates her female assistant, is the archetypical opening for the segment which follows with a real-life tale told by a woman who worked for, and suffered under, a woman boss.The Bully Boss The American public, if not the business media, seems bushel for candor about destructive people who make work life a l iving hell for others. An example was the best seller, The No Asshole Rule, a book related to bullying written by Stanford Business School professor Robert Sutton (2007). The public embraced its frankness and simplicity. It was a cathartic venting of pentup frustrations with bullies. Business media like the statistic that 72% of bullies outrank their targets (Namie, 2007). Thus, the alliterative stereotype of bully boss is an accurate headline.Of course, bullying originates at, and affects, individuals at most organizational levels. Executives experience the least amount of bullying (5%). The portrayal of exploitation by bullying is more vivid when it is managerial rather than internecine to the work team. The media spotlight is on the quirky or deviate boss as an individual (without interviewing actual perpetrators) absent reportage on the work environment that sustains him or her. Questions to WBI about what individuals can do when faced with a bully boss outnumber questions abou t why and how employers should deal with systemic bullying.The burden for finding a solution tends to fall on the victimized target. When media experts are management consultants or executive coaches, they give poor advice to workers to subordinate themselves, to not attempt to change the toxic work environment that fosters bullying. Some business reporters doubt the targeted workers accounts of their bullying. A few television interviews of bullied individuals did not air because producers were reluctant to believe the targets account or a lawsuit was threat-Workplace bullying has begun to take its rightful place among better-known topics like domestic violence, PTSD and other forms of abuse in the U. S. A typical media story begins with the human interest angle. A targeted worker (prescreened by us to ensure psychological stability and referred to the reporter) describes her or his bullying experience. It is then edited to 1 to 2 onair minutes or short paragraphs in print. In the early years, stories focused almost merely on anecdotal stories. In recent years, the media love a womanon-woman bullying story (Meece, 2009) to the elision of covering other forms of bullying.However, in the U. S. , only 29% of all bullying is between a woman perpetrator and woman target men represent 60% of the bullies (Namie, 2007). The coverage enrages advocates for womens rights. Despite the narrow focus, newspaper articles prompt 300-500 reader comments per article and televised segments on woman-on-woman bullying garner high ratings. The 2006 theatrical ened. It was only one side of the story. Bullying stories feature workers fighting uphill battles. Media most frequently side with Goliath, the employers.Research Bolsters the Message Since 2000, we were able to supplement anecdotal tales with empirical study data. WBI conducted descriptive large-sample surveys of website visitors (n=1,335 Namie, 2000, & n=1,000 Namie, 2003). The self-selected sample studies were not extrapo lated to describe national trends or national prevalence. However, several metrics did approximate estimates from the large representative study WBI conducted later (Namie, 2007). The first credible estimate for U. S. bullying prevalence was 1 in 6 Michigan workers (Keashly, 2001).The studys sampling techniques afforded external validity. But there were only approximately 100 individuals who reported very bothersome mistreatment. This estimate was the best one available until 2007. In 2007, WBI, with support from the Waitt Institute for Violence Prevention, equip polling firm Zogby International to conduct the first U. S. survey of workplace bullying. The stratified sample was large enough (n=7,740) to represent the experiences of all adult Americans. The 20-item survey (Namie, 2007) used the WBI definition of bullying without explicit inclusion of the term bullying. Instead, it was delimit as repeated mistreatment sabotage by others that prevented work from getting done, verbal a buse, threatening conduct, intimidation, or humiliation. The WBI-Zogby survey found 12. 6% of U. S. workers were either being bullied currently or had been at bottom the year, 24. 2% were previously but not currently bullied, 12. 3% witnessed it but never experienced it, and 44. 9% of respondents reported never witnessing and never experiencing it. Of 7,740 survey respondents, only 22 people admitted being a perpetrator despite the anonymity granted by the survey (Namie, 2007).Thereafter, media quoted the finding that 37% of the population has been bullied representing 54 million Americans. The media took a keen interest in the finding that women bullies choose women as targets in 71% of cases. Men bullies choose women targets (46%) less frequently than they target men. Women are the slight majority of targeted individuals (57%). It is common in the U. S. to blame victims for their fate. This denigration is an example of the fundamental attribution error committed by observers (Ro ss, 1977). However, targets themselves underestimate the negativity of their situation.The mischaracterization of targets as whiners or complainers is not warranted. We know this anecdotally one study provides empirical support. Lutgen-Sandvik, Tracy & Alberts (2007) discovered a disparity between the researcherdefined prevalence of bullying based on an operational definition (28%) and the survey respondents self-identification as a bullied person (9. 4%). This was accredited for a group of Americans as well for a Danish sample group in the same study. Framing the Message Commercial media reflect the determine of American business culture as seen from the top rather than as lived by subordinate workers.It will be interesting to see if CEO credibleness diminishes in light of the global economic crisis that is partly blamed on CEO failures. Any anti-CEO sentiment during tough times presents the opening for populist stories about the plight of trapped workers who face a nearly certa in escalation of cruelty because few employment alternatives exist. Bullying cannot exist without tacit approval from executives and owners. WBI surveyed 400 respondents in 2009 asking whether bullying escalated after the recognized start date of the worldwide economic recession in September 2008. For 27. % of the respondents the bullying became more abusive/ unholy/frequent, 67% reported no change, and 3. 4% reported a decrease in bullying since the onset of recessionary times (Namie, 2009). Workplace bullying activists often char- acterize the movement as anti-abuse. Whereas, defenders of individual bullies and the practice of systemic bullying describe the movement as anti-corporate. The pejorative mischaracterization makes the activists public education goals harder to accomplish. Activists need to show that bullying hurts business in appendage to hurting people. Bullying presents a tautological predicament for the media.If media fill airtime and print musculus quadriceps femoris with hard-luck, but always popular, bullying stories, they can validate targeted workers experiences, letting people know they have experiences in common with others. On the other hand, negative stories such as bullying are not happy stories that please advertisers. In most cases, advertisers rarely tolerate social criticism. That explains the paucity of criticism of capitalism in mainstream U. S. media. Nevertheless, anti-bullying activists should be prepared to help media illustrate how abstract economic crises concretely affect the lives of real working people, if asked.Persuasion Theory Applied to Media Commercial television is the ultimate forum for persuasive appeals employing peripheral cues, according to ELM (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986). Soap is not sold by listing ingredients, which would require central route processing by viewers. Instead it is sold as an indispensable route to a desirable lifestyle with distracting emotionally evocative images. News stories are also created to be visually stimulating. News has evolved (descended) into infotainment. Producers demand pictures, B roll, and moving on-screen graphics.Production of the 3-minute segment that focuses solely on content or talking heads is unacceptable, reserved for documentaries and non-commercial television. There is pressure to make bullying stories entertaining. TV screens now literally force the depiction of the principal story being broadcast into a frame within a frame. Surrounding it are station and network logos, wide top and bottom borders with colorful changing backgrounds, and text crawls along the bottom competing for attention with cryptic headlines, and if on a business channel, a crawl exhibit contemporaneous stock market activity.The actual story is only one of three or four fields competing for the viewers attention. A low involvement viewer can hardly be expected to remember anything about stories and their associated content being reported in the middle frame. Print media have limited space as page design has evolved into crowded, colorful spaces that emulate a TV screen or newspapers website. Limited space translates to short 500-700 word accounts rather than a lengthy (for newspaper) 2,000 word in-depth story. Bullying is a complex phenomenon with multiple aspects.The compromise we made is to reduce our advice to targets to an admittedly over-simplistic three steps. Similarly, we answer the why do bullies bully? question with a threefactor model. To optimize the likelihood that a reader or viewer will remember something about bullying from an interview, activists should adopt slogans. We use Bullies Are Too Expensive to Keep Work Shouldnt Hurt and Good Employers Purge Bullies, Bad Ones Promote Em. dealings with media is not an academic exercise. The academic activist, in particular, can benefit from media training. It is through the media you can reach the public who need to know about bullying.Group 2 Educating Lawmakers rule For A Law Al l social movements that sought to stop psychological violence child abuse, domestic violence, discriminatory harassment (gender, race, etc. ), schoolyard bullying were able to eventually pass state or federal legislation to negatively sanction move. These types of mistreatment continue, but laws compel negative consequences for offenders. The workplace bullying phenomenon most well-nigh resembles domestic violence (Janoff-Bulman, 2002) with respect to the interaction between abuser and the abused, witnesses non-intervention, and societal-institutional denial nd rationalizations to excuse it. For legal purposes, nonetheless, bullying falls under the rubric of employment law, akin to anti- disparity laws for the workplace. Regarding employment law, existing civil rights laws compel employers to create policies to prevent future occurrences. In addition, they must have procedures in place to correct discrimination once reported, investigated and confirmed. If there were no laws in effect, would employers voluntarily stop the mistreatment of women workers with internal procedures? Evidence suggests that they did not do so before the Civil Rights Act of the 1960s.After personation of laws, employers took steps to comply. The sequence is clear. Laws drive internal policies. Enforcement of those policies is most likely when there exists a threat of punishment for negligent employers. Credible policy enforcement results in prevention and correction. The power of a law derives from employers internal preventive actions that protect workers. Perusal of Suffolk University Law Professor David Yamadas chapter in this book reveals that, in 2009, there are no state or federal laws in the U. S. to satisfactorily address workplace bullying.Therefore, bullying is nearly always legal. The Anti-Bullying Healthy Workplace Bill In 2000, David Yamada wrote the text for the original Healthy Workplace Bill (HWB). It addresses workplace bullying by prohibiting an abusive work env ironment. The proposed legislation does not mandate employer actions. It gives employers multiple opportunities to pass financial obligation for a bullys abusive conduct. The requirements to turn on a lawsuit using this bill are strict. Malice is required in addition to documented physical or psychological health harm. There is no government intervention or enforcement.Individual plaintiffs must find and pay for private legal counsel. Though the HWB provides redress for people where current laws do not, its ultimate purpose is to convince employers to stop bullying proactively. The Legislative Campaign WBI expanded its efforts by adding a separate division in 2001. The Workplace Bullying Institute-Legislative Campaign (WBI-LC) goal is to enact state laws. It was decided from the outset to focus on the 50 states rather than to seek a federal law with significantly different features. Congress and recent presidential administration in the last 30 years have not expanded labor righ ts.So, the WBI-LC mobilizes citizen lobbyists in the states with the help of a network of volunteer State Coordinators. To date, 28 of the 50 states are represented by at least one Coordinator. In 2003, after two years of lobbying by amateurs, California was the first state to introduce the HWB. To date, 16 states through 183 state legislators have introduced 55 bills representing some variation of the HWB. No state has yet passed any bill into law. The HWB website (healthyworkplacebill. org) is the repository of the bills history and current activity. Unpaid Coordinators cope with professional advocates for employers.Coordinators include attorneys, a physician, mental health professionals, professors, nurses, teachers, social workers, community organizers, and advocates who worked for other social causes. The WBILC provides Coordinators with all necessary materials to customize a lobbying campaign, an information turnout for their state legislators, a private listserv, a private website, copies of the HWB, training tapes, and periodic teleconferences for the group to stay current. Whenever possible WBI leaders give expert testimony at public hearings for HWB. It is a collaborative creative group that grows in size and effectiveness every year.At the public website, citizen lobbyists from all states willing to support the bill can volunteer. Coordinators then work with those volunteers to mount writing, telephoning, and e-mailing lobbying campaigns. Coordinators orchestrate one or two in-person lobbying days at their respective state capitals. Some Coordinators have formed in-person groups and maintain websites in addition to ongoing virtual communica- tion with volunteers in their state. When organizing a group of activists such as the WBI-LC Coordinators, it is important to screen members for personality disturbances attributable or not to their bullying experience.Experience is valuable, but lobbyists must represent the thousands or millions of bullied wo rkers in their state or province. They cannot use the lobbying platform to tell their personal story or to vent to a lawmaker. We incorporate a rule that Coordinators must be at least two years postbullying to participate. Also, with a group of veterans of bullying, some of whom suffer periodic re-traumatization, there is a risk of group dysfunction from emotional flare-ups. It is helpful to establish an intra-group code of conduct to prevent bullying from within.HWB Supporters Bullying at work ignores political party affiliation. Targeted workers have not reported personal politics as a reason for being targeted. The HWB is non-partisan. Sponsors of the HWB include members of both major political parties Democrats and Republicans. However, Democrats were more likely than Republicans to report direct and witnessed bullying in the U. S. survey (Namie, 2007). Coordinators solicit support and endorsements for the HWB from local and state groups. Unions for state government workers, te achers, and nurses have backed the bill. Endorsements have come also from womens groups.The Illinois Association of Minorities in Government identified the sponsor for the first Illinois bill. The HWB enjoys the support of one national group the NAACP, the largest U. S. advocacy organization for the rights of African-Americans. According to the WBI-Zogby survey, 91% of African-Americans want additional workplace protections to supplement existing anti-discrimination laws. Data show that the group suffers a high rate of ever being bullied than the combined groups, second only to Hispanics (Namie, 2007). HWB Opponents Membership in industry trade associations gives employers access to professional lobbyists who oppose the HWB.Opposition is based on one or more of these grounds (1) in times of economic crises, businesses should not be regulated, governments only role is to help business operate freely and profitably, (2) employers can control bullying voluntarily, let them alone and they will do what is best for their business, (3) whining employees will file frivolous, baseless, expensive-to-defend lawsuits that will only wooden shoe the courts, (4) current laws provide sufficient protections, and (5) bullying or abusive conduct cannot be precisely defined, it is too subjective.The WBI-LC counters with the following reasonable propositions. (1) Business leaders decisions conduct to the financial calamity. The global crisis is arguably due in part to rampant speculation and paucity of governmental controls. (2) Employers have the chance to voluntarily stop bullying whenever they become aware of it. They historically respond inappropriately. (3) Financial and emotional hurdles to file private lawsuits overwhelm aggrieved workers. The reality is that only 3% of mistreated employees file a lawsuit in the U.S. (Namie, 2007). On the other hand, employers routinely carry employment practices liability insurance to provide legal defense in the event of a harassment o r misconduct lawsuit. HWB provides sufficient affirmative defenses for good employers who take steps to prevent bullying. (4) Law professor David Yamada concludes that current U. S. laws are inadequate. We trust his legal expertise. (5) Prior to the 2007 WBI-Zogby survey, lobbyists for employers argued that bullying did not exist in the workplace.Since the survey is indisputable, they now complain that bullying cannot be precisely defined. HWB requires that the plaintiffs health harm from malicious conduct be proven. The high standard rebuts the subjectivity objection. The fundamental question about legal reform for bullying is whether or not it will take a law to compel compliance or employers will voluntarily choose to abandon abuse as routine prac- tice. The parturient intolerance of the assault on an employees high-handedness at work in the U. S. may force an answer.Persuasion Theories Applied to Lawmakers The criticality of personal involvement in social judgment theory (Sher if & Sherif, 1968) as predictor of a positive attitude toward the antibullying activists position is borne out by our legislative campaign experience. For HWB bill sponsors, bullying is not an abstraction. They agree to champion the bill because family members, legislative aides, or they themselves have been bullied. For the sake of others they want it to stop. For early adopting lawmakers, the introduction of their bill is personal.Facilitating the personal connection to bullying spells the difference between successful and failed lobbying efforts. The elaboration likelihood model, ELM, (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986) applies well. One would expect that the lawmaking process is deliberate, based on facts and reasoning, and message content-dependent. That is, lawmaking should tap central route processing with reduced susceptibility to peripheral cues. Marshalling facts to support your position is the underpinning of amateur citizen lobbying.WBI-LC Coordinators refer constantly to the scien tific U. S. survey showing that 13% of workers are currently bullied with an additional 24% having been bullied at some time in their careers (Namie, 2007). Its use marked a sea change in lawmakers reactions to workplace bullying. They halt denying that bullying happens. Credible surveys are an essential tool for communicating with public policy makers. So, we have facts on our side and also use the power of compelling anecdotal tales told by bullied individuals (peripheral cues).Unfortunately, HWB opponents also bring forward facts. With multiple lobbyists, lawmakers hear the rationale for employer opposition to our bill repeatedly from different sources. Because of their ongoing presence of regular paid lobbyists throughout the year in a lawmakers life, not just when the legislature is in session (varying from 60-180 days per year), opposing arguments are likely better remembered. WBI-LC Coordinators act primarily during the legislative season and work their regular jobs the rem ainder of the year. In the U. S. the tradition of giving money to politicians (the courts have defined it as the expression of a corporations free speech right, treating corporations as persons) leads to access and influence. WBI-LC Coordinators do not give money to elected officials. It comes as no surprise that no state has yet passed our bill into law. To augment Coordinators efforts, the WBI-LC has begun to form coalitions of supporting and endorsing group that do have full-time lobbyists advocating for labor and human rights. Perhaps those groups will lend their lobbyists to the campaign against workplace bullying.Group 3 Convincing Employers Employers determine the size and composition of the workforce, the workplace culture and every aspect of the work environment. The responsibility for the correction and prevention of bullying lies with the top management because they shape the culture of the organization through decisions made (Liefooghe & Davey, 2001). Empirical studies e stablished an association between leadership, or its absence, and workplace bullying. For example, Leymann (1996) and Einarsen, Raknes and Matthiesen (1994) found that bullying among colleagues was often associated with weak or inadequate leadership by the most enior managers. Similarly, Hoel and Cooper (2000) showed that bullying was associated with high piles on a laissez faire style of leadership. A lack of organizational coherence (integrated, functioning outturn procedures), only token accountability (few consequences for wrongdoing), low security (apprehension about layoffs) all combine to foster a chaotic workplace climate that gives opportunistic abusers of authority the chance to harm others (Hodson, Roscigno, & Lopez, 2006). Conversely, Cortina, Magley, Williams and Langhout (2001) found that in a workplace climate in which fair, respectful treatment prevailed, bullying was rare.Employers Reactions to Bullying When bullying incidents are reported to employers, the most f requent response is to do nothing in 43. 7% of cases (Namie, 2007). Doing nothing is not a neutral response when an individual asks for relief. Matters were made worse for targeted workers in 18. 4% of cases. Thus in 62% of cases the response inadequate from perspective of witnesses and targeted workers. A more complete description of employer responses comes from another WBI online survey (n=400 respondents) (Namie, 2008).Employers predominantly did nothing to stop the reported mistreatment (53%) and actually retaliated against the person who dared to report it (71%). In 40% of cases, targets considered the employers investigation to be inadequate or unfair with less than 2% of investigations described as fair and estimable for the bullied person. Filing complaints led to retaliation resulting in lost jobs (24%). Alleged offenders were punished in only 6. 2% of cases. A NIOSH research team (Grubb, Roberts, Grosch, & Brightwell, 2004) assessed employers perceptions about the preval ence of bullying within their own organizations.Researchers used a pair of nationally representative federal government surveys of non-institutionalized U. S. residents age 18 and older and a second representative sample of U. S. organizations in which the unit of analysis is the workplace. Some residents were asked to name their employers. Then, a single contact person was identified as the representative for each of 516 organizations, typically human resources professionals or company owners. The employer representatives were asked about a variety of organizational factors.Most relevant was their response to the question How often in the past year has bullying occurred at your establishment, including repeated intimidation, slandering, social isolation, or humiliation by one or more persons against another? The majority of employer representatives (75. 5%) said bullying never happened at their site. Only 1. 6% said it happened frequently. The second most frequent response was th at it was rare (17. 4%) with 5. 5% acknowledging that bullying happened sometimes. Employees were seen as the most frequent aggressor (in 39. 2% of cases) as well as being the most frequent victim (55. %). Two assessed measures of workplace climate were associated with increased levels of bullying lack of job security and lack of trust in management (Grubb et al. 2004). Remarkably, in Sweden where the regulatory ordinance has been in effect 15 years, only one of out of nine businesses had voluntarily implemented policies and procedures against bullying (Hoel & Einarsen, 2009). The lack of employer initiative in the Scandinavian anti-bullying pioneering nations suggests modest expectations about American employers attitudes toward bullying, even if laws are passed.Not only do employers do very little to stop bullying, co-workers who witness bullying are similarly ineffective. From an online study (Namie, 2008) we know that self-identified bullied individuals reported that in 46% of bullying cases, co-workers abandoned them, to the extent that 15% aggressed against the target along with the bully. Co-workers did nothing in 16% of cases. In less than 1% of cases, co-workers rallied to the defense of an attacked target and confronted the bully as a group. There are several potential explanations that are explored elsewhere in detail (Namie & Namie, 2009a).Suffice it to say that fear, real or imagined, prevents co-workers from getting involved most of the time. The Business Case For Bullying Because of employers costs associated with bullying productivity loss, costs regarding interventions by third parties, turnover, increased sick-leave, workers compensation and disability insurance claims and legal liability employers should logically be motivated to stop bullying (Hoel & Einarsen, 2009). One healthcare industry intervention that improved employee perceptions of trust and fair treatment was estimated to potentially pen $1. million annually for a single organ ization (Keashly & Neuman, 2004). WBI partnered with a Canadian disability management firm that determined 18% of the short-term disability claims were based on bullying. Those workers missed an average of 159 days of work per claim. The business case approach emphasizes the financial impact of bullying and assumes that employers are rational actors and will result their own best financial self-interest when made aware of bullyings cost. Logic recommends termination of costly offenders. But bullying is often an blind and illogical set of circumstances.In spite of ascertainable loss patterns, offenders are retained while targeted workers who reported mistreatment to the organization often lose their jobs. Alleged offenders were punished in only 6% of cases (Namie, 2008). But because of bullying, 40% of targets quit, 24% are terminated and 13% transfer to safer positions with the same employer (Namie, 2007). Finally, to whom should the business case be made? Bullying is typically pe rceived as a human resources (HR) department problem because anti-discrimination compliance officers in HR receive the majority of bullying complaints.Eighty-percent of those complaints do not require employers to respond they are legal actions (Namie, 2007). One WBI study found that HR either did nothing in 51% of cases when approached for relief or made the situation more negative for the target in 32% of cases (Namie, 2000). In HRs defense, without laws to compel employers to adopt internal policies, HR lacks the tools to reverse bullying even if it wanted to. HR also lacks the credibility with executives who otherwise might grant HR the autonomy to effect organizational changes. Bullying is the responsibility of executive leadership (Einarsen, Raknes, & Matthiesen, 1994).Executives feel responsible to support bullies within their organizations. According to Namie (2007), sources of a bullys support are executive sponsors (43%), management peers (33%), and HR (14%). How can this be? Why prop up the cause of significant financial losses? No anti-bullying intervention can be suc- cessful without executive endorsement and participation. Workers in one division of a government client organization suffered heart attacks, stroke, panic attacks, and nearly every one of the 24 were prescribed anti-depressant medication.Seventeen workers filed workplace discrimination complaints. Our recommendation, with which the bully himself agreed, was to prohibit his future contact with employees. The director thought otherwise and rejected the recommendation. He called staff feckless ingrates and refused to allow the perpetrator to step discomfit because the bully was a great conversationalist and lunch buddy. Many employers would rather absorb known financial losses than confront a hyper-aggressive bully or sever a prized personal friendship.The business case pales in comparison to ingratiation, aggression and pride in winning at all costs. Employers Motivation to Act Becau se there is no law to compel U. S. employers to act, when an American employer requests help with bullying, it is a rare event. WBI principals were consultants to employers 12 years prior to the starting the nonprofit organization. Since 1997, the consulting focus is exclusively the refinement of a comprehensive, proprietary approach to preventing and correcting workplace bullying (Namie & Namie, 2009b) (workdoctor. com).Based on our American and Canadian clients, here is a sampling of positive, proactive reasons employers voluntarily address bullying. Some are early adopters wanting to be first, cutting-edge, industry leaders. They are pioneers and proud of their risk-taking tendencies. Some clients seek congruence with espoused organization values of respect and dignity for all, to do the right thing. Though every corporate mission statement includes Respect for all individuals, few firms actually adhere to the lofty pronouncement. Mission statements do not hold organizations acc ountable policies can.Some clients seek media coverage and notoriety for their willingness to address bullying. Some CEOs want to leave a positive legacy at the end of their careers. One executive wanted to rectify his prior mismanagement of a senior manager bullying case. It was personal guilt mitigation. In 2009, the Sioux City, Iowa public school district implemented our comprehensive anti-bullying system for teachers and staff in the schools becoming the first in the nation to do so. Schools are the single class of employer with experience, however limited, with bullying.In 38 states, there are laws mandating that schools address bullying among students. Most laws specify that a policy be written for children. Therefore, many schools and their staffs are familiar with bullying and its harmful effect on children. It is a logical step to see that the quality of interpersonal relationships among the adults is the context for student behavior or misconduct. This National presentmen t Project includes a policy, procedures, impact assessment, education, peer support, peer fact finders, and community education.The project was made possible by the rare co-occurrence of a new superintendent, a compassionate human resources director, union presidents concerned with employee health, and funding from a local foundation. We hope that schools become the first American industry to seriously address workplace bullying. The majority of anti-bullying interventions are prompted by risk aversion or loss prevention. A high profile, revenue-generating rainmaker commits illegal or unethical acts. A repeat offenders legal costs finally exceed the CEOs tolerance.Turnover of highly skilled workers undercuts productivity. Healthcare institutions must comply with an extra-legal industry requirement to craft a policy to address intimidating and disruptive physicians and staff. (JCAHO, 2008). Dispositional vs. Systemic Solutions After the decision is made to start an intervention, a se cond important question presents itself. Is the problem the fault of a few bad seeds, a dispositional issue? Or is the problem entrenched in the work environment (that includes leadership who fostered past and current bullies and will sustain new ones when personnel change)?When the preferred explanation is the offenders personality, solutions may include skillsbased training anger management or constructive criticism mental health counseling, or executive coaching. Regardless of the selected solution, and even if the person gains insight, bullying will resume if the workplace to which she or he returns remains unchanged. Recidivism is predictable when bullying-prone work conditions are not addressed. For long-term success, the organization needs a new behavioral standard (policy, code of conduct) to which alleged misconduct can be compared to determine whether or not a violation occurred.Procedures to enforce the standard must be created. Weak procedures predict failed anti-bully ing initiatives. The rules must hire to everyone at all levels to be fair and credible. Executives must defer to the process to justify purging a friend for the good of the organization. Medium and large organizations often establish one or more peer groups to serve miscellaneous functions as internal resource experts, as peer fact finders for investigations, as trainers within the organization. Education throughout the organization publicly launches the commitment to a new way of doing usiness. The best interventions include healing activities for targeted workers and witnesses who have been vicariously traumatized. A hybridizing approach is to first create the policy and procedures. Then, when a high-profile persons offense is confirmed as a violation, devise a personalized change course of instruction for her or him. Upon return to work, behavioral monitoring starts. Interviews of German consultants who specialize in workplace bullying (Saam, 2009) yielded three approaches w ere moderation/mediation, coaching, and organization development (OD).Moderation is a clarification process to allow the parties to move beyond misunder- standings or misperceptions. Mediation refers to the traditional booking resolution process. Moderation/mediation works only when conflict does not escalate to a level for which only a power intervention is appropriate. Coaching necessarily develops solutions on a case-by-case basis. Coaching is support tactical, emotional, career development, personalized skills education and rehearsal. The organization development (OD) approach is the third intervention strategy.Culture change is its primary goal (Saam, 2009). From an OD perspective, the source of the bullying problems can be found in attributes of the organization the reporting relationships, layers in the hierarchy, transparency of decisionmaking processes, timeliness in responding to employee concerns, personal accountability for destructive interpersonal conduct, equitable processes that correspond rewards to performance, trust, reciprocated loyalty, clarity of roles, incorporation of collaborative processes, and performance expectations.An OD strategy sets new standards for doing things differently and altering performance-consequence contingencies. The OD consultant defines problems as systemic. Solutions must necessarily affect all people at all levels of the organization (Saam, 2009). The preferred tool of the OD bullying consultant is the proscription of bullying behavior via a new policy and accompanying set of enforcement procedures (Namie & Namie, 2009b).Based on her clinical practice with severe cases of bullying, Ferris (2004) contends similarly that helpful, responsive organizations do not see bullying as a merely personality issue to be solved by the parties through mediation. Instead, bullying is seen as an organizational problem that needs to be addressed through coaching for the bully, counseling, performance management, and policies that clearly define unacceptable conduct. Predicting Success We identify several factors to avoid failure, while increasing the likelihood of successful interventions if HR initiates contact with the consultant, insist on executive team approval to move forward do not incorporate traditional conflict resolution strategies (mediation, arbitration) into the systemic program to address bullying (though informal, pre-complaint resolution processes can and should be crated) at the start, articulate how the prohibition of bullying will positively impact the delivery of services, quality of production i. e. will benefit the end user describe the engagement as proactive and preventive, resolve extant crises before launching the project clarify executive team roles awareness and acceptance, pledge of non-interference, authorization for policy writing group, commitment to participate in launch emphasize the seminal importance of implementation procedures over the policy alone policy an d procedures are to apply to every employee at all levels, no exceptions Governing Board receives advance notice of project to schedule policy approval the internal champion/future policy director must have budget control inclusion of unions, where present, is mandatory select a pool of employee-volunteers screened for compatibility to serve in one or more functions policy writing, internal resource experts, fact finding, training build-in continuity and succession of participants in the various groups responsible for sustaining the organizations commitment to the anti-bullying initiatives showcase success stories in the media Persuasion Theory Applied to Employers Social judgment theory (Sherif & Sherif, 1968) is the theory most compatible with understanding the challenges posed by employers for activist-consultants.An ingratiating bully who spends years successfully cultivating a fawning relationship with an executive does so for the sake of self-protection. If the executive eventually learns that his friends tactics are undermining legitimate business interests, the executives dissonance will probably drive him to discount the complaint, accuse the complainant of troublemaking, and reinforce the bond with the bully. Recall that according to SJT, anchored opinions linked to a persons self-identity are the least likely to change. The executives allegiance to the bully feels spontaneous to him. There is a high degree of ego involvement because it was the executives ego that the bully was stroking in Machiavellian fashion (Paulhus & Williams, 2002).The bully carefully cemented the bond over time. So, all evaluative opinions held by the executive about the bully fall well within the executive sponsors latitude of acceptance. Any disconfirming evidence presented that the bully terrorizes peers and subordinates is rejected reflexively. The target reporting the mistreatment cannot believe the denial of facts. The executive cannot believe his dear friend c ould be accused of heinous actions. Executive denial that bullying operates in the organization at all is rooted in the same process. pick up the executives ego involvement in beliefs about the characteristics of the organization for which he wishes to take credit.From analysts, shareholders and a sycophantic inner circle of advisers, the executive only hears positive reports about operations.