Career as a military officer Essay Example For Students

Career as a military officer Essay I. Text researchDefinition: A military officer, a member of the U.S. Armed Forces, is responsible for the protection of U.S. citizens.This is a broad responsibility however and each officer has a distinct role that (s) he plays in the maintenance of national defense. As a member of the military, an officer signs a contract and must serve a number of years before retirement is possible. There are five branches of the U.S. Armed Forces. The Army is the senior service and fight mostly on land. They had around 572,000 personnel in 1993. The Navy is seaborne the force of the U.S. Naval officers and enlisted spend long periods at sea and travel all about the world. In 1993 the Navy had about 510,000 personnel. The Air Force is the newest of the five branches and specializes in aviation and mechanical trades. Over 440,000 people were serving in the Air Force in 1993. The Marine Corps operate on both the land and the sea. They are first to fight and establish a front for the other branches t o run their campaigns from. The Marines are quite close with the Navy and provide security on ships and bases. They also guard U.S. embassies. There were approximately 178,000 Marines in 1993. The Coast Guard is the smallest of the military services and is in charge of the enforcement of maritime law. They are also responsible for the rescue of those in distress at sea. Unlike the other branches, the Coast Guard is a service of the Department of Transportation except during a war, when they operate as a part of the Navy. (Career Information, 1996, 268, -270)History: Americas first forces of defense were militias of the colonies. The first was Virginia in 1611 Followed by Massachusetts in 1636. The Continental Army was established in 1775 to prepare for the Revolutionary War.Its commander was George Washington. The first Marines were attached to the Army in 1775, but were attached as an independent part of the Navy in 1798 when it was official established. The Marines were made a sep arate branch of the military in 1834. The Coast Guard was established in 1790 to combat smuggling and remains the oldest seaborne force of the U.S. The Militia act of 1792 pooled the state militias into what would become known as the National Guard after World War I. The war of 1812 started after a series of skirmishes with the French and was the last time the U.S. had to protect itself from foreign invaders. The Civil War was by far the worst war for the U.S.s Armed Forces. More American soldiers died in the Civil War than any other war. Balloons were used during the Civil War, which was the first use of aircraft by the U.S. military. In 1892 a Balloon Corps was established as part of the Armys Signal Corps and in 1907 a separate Aeronautical Division was created. The U.S. showed its true military prowess in World War I. Air power had proven itself extremely important and brought about great strategic changes. The Army Air Service was established in 1918 as a separate service thoug h it remained under the Armys direction. The National Defense Act of 1920 made an order far as standing army of 300,000 men, with additional reserves, but a shortage of funds and social influence led to an era of isolationism for America. At the time Europe entered World War II, Americas Army was only 150,000 active personnel. America was forced to enter World War II after the surprise attack as Pearl Harbor and at its height there were 13 million Americans between all the branches of the Armed Services.Air superiority played a major role in the allied victory of World War II and following the war, in 1947, the Air Force was created. All five branches were unified under the Department of Defense 2 years later. The Coast Guard was placed under the Department of Transportation however, except during wartime when it operates a part of the Navy. Post-World War II America was far from isolationism and was quite involved in foreign affairs. The Soviet Unions power over central and Eastern Europe and the potential spread of communism around the world led to a new kind of war, the Cold War. The U.S. deployed troops around the world to counteract the Soviet threat. A race to build nuclear arms started as well as a race to get into space. Anticommunist tensions led to involvement in the Korean Conflict in the 50s and the Vietnam Conflict in the 60s and 70s. Antiwar sentiment grew and a reevaluation of the American military policy of American military presence in foreign countries became needed. In 1973 the draft was abolished and the military became a volunteer organization. The Armed Forces started work to improve their image and make the military a more appealing career option in order to attract talented people. Military spending greatly increased in the 1980s in an effort to bring about the collapse of the Soviet Union. Military actions occurred in Grenada, Panama, and the Middle East. In the late 80s many communist nations began to press for independence. In 1991, under pressure from political and economic crisis the Soviet Union fell, ending the Cold War. Also in 1991, Iraq invaded Kuwait. U.S. forces along with other nations worked together in the first United Nations. Once again air power played a major role and U.N. air forces crippled most of Iraqs military before the ground war even started. The Gulf War was important for not only showing the power of American military technology but also the cooperation shown by the members of the U.N. With the end of the Cold War a redirection of purposes of the military has arrived. Defense spending has declined with the loss of the other super power and the military has become more of a peacekeeping force. (Career Information, 1996, 268-270)Nature of work: The maintenance of National Defense includes many diverse tasks, such asRunning a hospital, commanding a tank crew, programming computers, operating a nuclear reactor, and repairing and maintaining a helicopter. There are literally hundreds of occ upations in the armed services. There is managerial, administrative, technical, clerical, construction, electrical, electronic, mechanical, and repair jobs. There are over 360 basic and advanced military occupational specialties for enlisted alone. There is almost this many for officers too. Over 75% of military occupations have civilian counterparts. Brief descriptions of the major military occupational groups follows. Infantry, gun crews, and seamanship specialist are the personnel on the front lines. Officers in this field plan battle strategy, oversee security activities, and serve as combat leaders and pilots. Personnel in this category learn how to work in a team and develop leadership skills. In electronic equipment repair occupations people are required for the maintenance and repair of many sorts of equipment. Officers oversee the maintenance and repair of avionics, communication, radar, and air traffic control equipment. Most skills in this field are directly transferable to civilian jobs. Communications and intelligence personnel are similar to scientist, engineers, and investigators. Officers serve as intelligence gatherers and interpreters, cytologists, information analysts. Translators, and in related intelligence occupations. Those assigned to medical and dental occupation certainly have civilian counterparts. Health care officers include physicians, dentists, optometrists, nurses, therapists, veterinarians, pharmacists, and others in diagnosis and treatment. Training acquired in the military in these fields is most often transferable to civilian jobs and certification. Other technical and allied specialty occupations are typically transferable to civilian life, also. Officers in this area work as meteorologists, mapping directors, television and motion picture directors, and band directors. Functional support and administrative occupations in the military require the same skills as similar jobs in private business and government agency. Officer s in this field work as directors, executives, adjutants, administrative officers, personnel managers, training administrators, budget officers, finance officers, public affairs officers, accountants, hospital administrators, inspectors, computer system managers, and lawyers. In electrical and mechanical equipment repair occupations, personnel maintain aircraft, motor vehicles, and ships. Officers supervise the maintenance of missiles, conventional and nuclear-powered ships, trucks, earth-moving equipment, aircraft, and other vehicles. This is another field with skills easily transferred to civilian jobs. Another area of military work is that of craft occupations were workers are skilled in an assortment of crafts. Some of these crafts for officers include civil engineers, architects, and managers of enlisted personnel in carpentry, construction, plumbing, metal working, machining, welding, electrical work, and ventilation systems. Those in service and supply handle food service, se curity, and personal services and supply. Officers work in logistics, supply, transport and traffic management, and procurement. Skills in this field are also often transferable to civilian counterpart occupations. (Occupational Outlook, 1998-1999, 482-483)Qualifications, education, and training requirements: There is notjust one way to become an officer in the United States military. The most prestigious route to a commission is at one of the federal service academies. These academies are 4-year colleges that grant Bachelor of Science degrees. Graduates have a 5-year commitment after graduation but may have a longer commitment if entering flight training. Another way to earn a commission is through ROTC or Reserve Officers Training Corps. There are about 950 Army, 60 Navy and Marine Corps, and 550 Air Force ROTC programs at schools across the nation. Trainees take between 2 and 5 hours of instruction per week along with normal college courses. After graduation, they may serve in th e active military, in the reserves, or in the National Guard.The last 2 years in ROTC, students receive a monthly allowance while attending school and summer training. ROTC scholarships are available on a competitive basis for 2, 3, or 4 years. These scholarships pay for tuition and have allowances for subsistence, textbooks, supplies, and any other fees. College graduates can earn a commission in the armed forces by going to OCS (officer candidate school) or OTS (Officer Training School). Those who earn their commissions this way must go on active duty. People with experience or training in certain health professions may fulfil requirements for a direct appointment as an officer. Those in health professions may also receive financial aid and internship opportunities from the military in exchange for a period of service.Prospective medical students can apply to the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences for free tuition toward a M.D. degree. However, after graduation they must serve 7 years in the military or the Public Health Service. People in other positions such as judge advocate general (legal) or chaplain corps may also be eligible for a direct appointment. Flight training is available only to commissioned and warrant officers. (Occupational Outlook, 1998-1999, 485-486)Working conditions: Military life is much more structured and disciplined than civilian life. Military service is also an obligation once contracting and one must serve their full term. Dress and personal appearance are regulated heavily and everyday life is full of formalities. Officers and enlisted men do not socialize and officers are saluted and called sir or maam.These rules help encourage respect for superiors and make the obedience of commands immediate and without question. The military always come first in military life. This affects hours and working conditions. However, most military personnel work 8 hours a day and 5 days a week when not deployed on a mission. When of f duty military personnel do not have to wear their uniforms and participate in family and recreational activities like most civilians. At some points in time military service requires weekend, night, or 24-hour call work. Multiple relocations and great deals of travel are quite common for the military also. Depending on the branch of service, assignments could be extended periods at sea in cramped quarters or overseas assignments in undeveloped countries with few amenities. Some assignments are in parts of the world with extremely high or low temperatures or in hostile areas where fighting could erupt at any minute. Some peacetime jobs are even hazardous, such as sailors on the deck of an aircraft carrier. During wartime, military personnel could be in an extremely high-risk position. Engaging in combat with life and death situations and depending on countless hours of training to attain teamwork. With todays technological battlefield, teamwork is a very important factor. Noncombat ants may face danger during war if their duties bring them close to the front. Even in peacetime, hazardous training exercises present a risk to military personnel. Air and ship crews travel a great deal, as others are stations on bases around the world. Most personnel are reassigned anew place of operations ever few years. (Occupational Outlook, 1998-1999, 483)Earnings: The base pay of a 2nd Lieutenant or O-1 is $1,725 per month. Salaries go up with rank and time served at that rank. (Occupational Outlook, 1998-1999, 486)Advancement possibilities and employment outlook: There are many possibilities for advancement in the armed services. Working hard and showing leadership earns advanced training and advanced positions. The military is in constant demand of personnel since personnel are continuously retiring and reaching the end of their service. The military offers some of the greatest job security out of all occupations. (Encyclopedia of Careers, 1997, 38)II. College catalogues1 B ilingualism Essay2.What benefits did you have? What was your salary?The military took care of all our medical needs.Health and retirement was taken care of through the military.I was making about $1850 a month. 3.What is an employer looking for when hiring in this field?I looked for guys that were self-motivated and that were going to go the extra mile. Maybe not the smartest apple in the bunch but those with a lot of heart.I wanted guys to give the effort for me and stay late and get there early. 4. Would you choose this career again?Yeah, yeah I would. I went places and saw things I never would have in the civilian world. 1.LTC Jamie Clark, us air National Guard1.What do you do on a normal day? What are your job responsibilities?Im a full time physician for them. Im a flight surgeon, which means my job entails doing physicals on the pilots. They have to have a physical every single year and one year they do a real detailed physical then the next couple years they have a real abbreviated physical. These physicals consist of height, weight, blood pressure, and maybe a little lab work. Aside from that my job, as long as were in peace time, giving the physicals, giving safety briefings, medical related type deals, safety issues that might be a problem when they go somewhere. Foodborne disease when they get deployed some where, so I participate in those types of briefings. I also fly with them. I have to fly at least 2 hours month with them just to stay current. The flight has to be in the back seat of whatever aircraft the unit flies, and my unit happens to be the F-16 unit. 2.What benefits do you have? What is your salary?We have a retirement youre eligible for at age 65 but you must spend twenty years in and you dont start getting retirement like a regular retired full timer gets retirement the day he retires, and a reservist doesnt start getting his until he is 65. So you have to put in twenty years of service and then at age 65 he starts getting retirement that is based on how much time he put in. Number of years service and number of days active duty, number of drills or training periods hes done. Other benefits are things like, you dont have health insurance, but you have a life insurance policy and the only time you have any kind of health insurance is when you get activated to go full time or you get deployed somewhere for 2 weeks or get activated for wartime scenario. Salary is, Im a lieutenant colonel, so for a weekend I make around 400 something dollars, 600 something before taxes. They also paid a large portion of my school loans when I was i n medical school. 3.What is an employer looking for when hiring in this field?As a flight surgeon you have to not only do physicals you have to take care of them if you get activated. It would be more like being a general practitioner. 4.Would you choose this career again? Yeah, yeah, I would. I might have done ROTC and been a full time pilot though. Iv. why choose this career?This paper has helped me in many ways. I am having second thoughts about going into the military, not only because of the daily rigidness but it truly doesnt pay that well. I am seriously considering an occupation I believe I have denied myself interest in. My father is a doctor and in some deep chasm in my mind I feel I told myself I didnt want to do what he does. The research in this paper has made me want to go to a civilian college, such as the University of Alabama, and take premedical classes. A compromise between going to the academy and getting an Air Force commission or going to a civilian college and doing premed is going to a civilian college and doing premed and ROTC. I must now look at all my options, and dig deep in an attempt to find what I really want to do with my life. This paper has helped a great deal. BibliographyAir Force Academy. U.S. Air Force Academy, 1999-2000. Career Information Center. Mission Hills, Ca.: Glencoe Publishing, 1996. Clark, Jamie. Huntsville, AL, November 26, 1999. Encyclopedia of Careers and Vocational Guidance. Chicago: J.E. Ferguson Publishing Company, 1997. Occupational Outlook Handbook. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Labor, 1998-1999. Smith, Jeff. Huntsville, AL, November 25, 1999. University of Alabama Undergraduate Catalog. University of Alabama, 1998-2000.

Eroica Essays - British Films, Symphony No. 3, Overtures, Eroica

Eroica In April of 1805, Ludwig Van Beethoven finished his third symphony. It was the time of the French Revolution and Napoleon. Beethoven, a poor, lower-middle class musician living in Bonn, Germany, was affected by the Revolution, as was the rest of European citizens. Napoloen as looked up to during these times. Beethoven believed Napoleon to be Unique among leaders in his concern for oridnary people. The idea of composing a heroic symphony to honor Napoleon was first suggested in 1789. Despite the fact that Beethoven has a growing dissatisfaction with the course of the Revolution, he began the composition of the symphony. Beethoven composed the symphony during May and November of 1803. At this time, the symphony was still to be dedicated in honor of Napleon, but it soon evolved into a symphony not about Napoleon's heroism, but it developed into a symphony about heroism in a Promethean sense. While composing this symphony, Beethoven was beginning to become aware of his hearing problems. The frustration that was caused with the hearing loss served only to reinforce the revolutionary aspects of his artistic personality. On May 18, 1804, Napoleon crowned himself Emperor. By this time, the symphony had already been completed and was ready for shipment to Paris, when a friend presented the news that Napoleon had crowned himself Emperor. When Beethoven was told, he went into a rampage, crying out, Is he then too nothing more than an ordinary human being? Now he too will trample on the rights of man and indulge only his ambition. He will exalt himself above all others and become a tyrant! Beethoven went to the table, took his neatly printed copy of his heroic sumphony and tore the title page in two then threw it on the floor. He then began to rewrite the symphony, then titleing in Sinfonia Eroica. Eroica was first performed in February of 1805 in E flat. Players, listeners, and critics found the work extraordinarly difficult. It was clear from the beginning that this was no ordinary symphony. The first movement was twice as long as any other piece of music written before. In classical symphonys it was unusual to find a funeral march in place of a song-like slow movement. The third movement was no different than traditional minuets. The last movement was a set of variations on a theme from Beethoven's bellet The Creatures of Prometheus. Never before in history of music had a composers produced such a revolutionary work. It hasbeen said that words cannot describe the symphony. Fourteen years after the work was premiered, a close friend of Beethoven's asked Beethoven which of the eight sumphonies at the time was his favorite. He unhesitantingly replied, The Eroica.

Increasing Investment Attractiveness Of CIS(ex-USSR) Countries Coursework

Increasing Investment Attractiveness Of CIS(ex-USSR) Countries Coursework Increasing Investment Attractiveness Of CIS(ex INCREASING INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVENESS OF CIS (EX-USSR) COUNTRIES Two decades ago, the Soviet Union broke up and allowed fifteen of its republics to gain independence. The former republics were facing a significant backlash from investors because of their association with the Soviet Union. However, some of the republics adopted various policies that have enhanced their investment attractiveness over the years (United Nations Conference on Trade, 2009, p. 13). The measures include:A. Transitioning from communist economies to market economies After breaking from the USSR, some of the republics such as Estonia adopted a free market policy thus becoming the richest of the CIS countries (Russia and CIS, 2015, p. 7). Free market attracts investors because it allows investors to invest any amount of money they want into the economy. It also encourages high-profit margins and the product of high-quality products. Investors are also attracted to free markets because such markets promote the eff icient allocation of resources (Emerging Europe Monitor Russia and CIS, 2014, p. 8). It gives investors that they will achieve maximum returns from their investments. B. Trade Partnerships with European Nations Estonia joined the European Union on May 2004. Its membership has prompted an investment boom in the country (BBC News Europe, 2011, p. 1). Global European electronics and telecommunication companies have established strong trade relations with Estonia because of its membership of the European Union. The trading partnership with the European Union has enhanced the reputation of CIS as countries committed to the economic development of Europe thus attracting investors. C. Tax Reforms Immediately after breaking from the Soviet Union, six of the former republics adopted flat tax rates. CIS countries such as Slovakia and Estonia introduced a flat tax on both personal and corporate income thus accelerating economic growth. For instance, Estonia recorded an economic growth rate o f between 7 and 10 percent during the 2000s (Goyette, 2011, p. 1). The economic growth of these republics encouraged foreign direct investments. Investors were confident that their investments would yield a positive return in the long run. D. FDI incentives and Free Zones Azerbaijan announced the establishment of a free economic zone to boost investments in the country. The country is also negotiating with world trade organization (WTO) for its accession to the organization. A successful accession into WTO will boost the country’s competitiveness in the global market. Russia signed an agreement with former CIS nations to enhance the scale of trade among member countries. More investors are entering the Russian market because of the available opportunities in the other CIS countries (Emerging Europe Monitor Russia and CIS., 2014, p.11). E. Economic and Social Stability Kazakhstan has a stable social and economic environment, which have attracted major foreign investments in r ecent years. According to Ernst & Young, Kazakhstan’s stable and steady economic growth makes the country among the fastest growing economies in the world. Since 2011, Kazakhstan’s gross domestic product has more than doubled, and economists predict that the country will experience the same trend in the next few years. In fact, the country attracted modest foreign direct investments in 2012 at a time when world saw a sharp decline. ReferencesRussia and CIS., 2015. Emerging Europe Monitor: Russia & CIS, 19(1), 1-12.United Nations Conference on Trade., 2009. World Investment Report. New York: United Nations.Belderbos, R., Fukao, K., Ito, K., and Letterie, W., 2013. Global Fixed Capital Investment by Multinational Firms. Economica, 80(318), 274-299. Emerging Europe Monitor Russia and CIS., 2014. Emerging Europe Monitor: Russia & CIS, 18(8), 1-12. BBC News Europe., Aug. 18, 2011. Former Soviet republics: Winners and losers. London: BBC News. Retrieved from bbc.co.uk/news/w orld-europe-14489883 Goyette, B., Nov. 8, 2011. Flat Taxes Are Big in the Former USSR. Have They Worked? New York: ProPublica. Retrieved from propublica.org/article/flat-taxes-are-big-in-the-former-ussr.-have-they-worked

Critique a legal article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critique a legal article - Essay Example There have been many interesting controversies about the nursing practice in United States since it was formally introduced and recognized as a profession in the late nineteenth century. Majority of the issues were humanistic in approach tackling about the actual institution of medical ethics. However, there have been a growing number of legal concerns that were entertained too. In fact, the Legal Eagle Eye Newsletter for the Nursing Profession has published a recent legal matter involving a patient who died due to the negligence of the stationed nurse. The autopsy conducted showed â€Å"aspiration of food as the cause of the cardiopulmonary arrest that killed the patient† (Snyder, 2010). Tracing back the facts of the case, the patient was actually suffering from a swallowing disorder termed as dysphagia. At a particular time, a nursing aide came to his room and left a sandwich on his tray table and then went away. The patient ate the sandwich without supervision which was ci ted as the main reason of his choking resulting to his death. The heirs of the deceased sued the hospital who gained a favorable decision from the Appellate Court of Illinois in November of 2009. The said honorable court declared the stationed nurse negligent and required the hospital to pay the family of the deceased in the amount of five hundred thousand dollars. In addition, the appellate court affirmed that â€Å"before a nurse may delegate any care task to an aide, it is the nurse’s responsibility to determine that the task is appropriate for performance by an aide and by the particular aide selected to perform it† (as cited in Snyder, 2010). Hence, â€Å"violation of the standard of care for a care-giving task by a non-licensed aide is also a violation of the standard of care by the professional nurse responsible for supervising the aide† (Snyder, 2010). In this regard, it can be stated that nurses just like the other professionals in the society are obliged to serve

Closing the Youth justice Gap Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

Closing the Youth justice Gap - Essay Example It is for the above reasons and more that we must work together to ensure that the BMER young peoples voices are listened to and heard. There should be an initiative to start a process involving the young people as change agents and their views on crime and community safety to be heard and include them in policy and practice if plausible. The strategies to be followed must make cities safe for one and all. Reasons for a young offender who was repeating his offences and being taken into custody number of times should be explored. It might happen due to the Youth Justice Board agents’ discrimination towards them. The depression and frustration when there is no outlet may turn out in the form of a crime. When these are introduced to Entry to Employment Young people who are on mainstream E2E programmes. Children and young people who offend face particular problems accessing or sustaining engagement with education, training and employment. The pilot, which ran from August 2003 to July 2005 with Hindley Young Offender Institution and local youth offending teams was able to identify these barriers to engagement and highlighted along with poor educational attainment, including basic literacy and numeracy problems. ï€  Some providers being disinclined to provide training to young offenders who may have challenging behavior, poor life skills, such as time and budget management, behavioral issues, a lack of awareness, locally, among providers of how to improve the situation. The pilot was extended for one year to build on initial success. Using three voluntary sector agencies: – Nacro, Rathbone and YMCA Training, working together as the Learning Alliance – the programme provided support for a mentoring component as part of education and training provision. The programme had the support of the Learning and Skills Council. A key proposal to be was the need to listen more to young people. A

Psychosocial Concepts in Radiography

Psychosocial Concepts in Radiography â€Å"Promising too much can be as cruel as caring too little† (Kelley, 2005, p. 69). The aim of this assignment is to describe and discuss the psychosocial aspects of patient/client care as applied to radiography, and the skills required the deal with a range of issues in work environment and explore medico legal aspects of radiographer’s scope of practice while relating to the given scenario. Oxford English Dictionary(2013) defines psychosocial as â€Å"relating to the interrelation of social factors and individual thought and behaviour† and medico legal â€Å"refers to that which is related to medicine and the law. It refers to that which pertains to the legal aspects involved in the practice of medicine. It covers the prerogatives and responsibilities that a medical professional is bound by as well as the rights of the patient† (AJ, 2013). Upon arriving to the department it is paramount the radiographer justifies the x-ray request form on clinical grounds, and must adhere to the minimum requirements set by IR(ME)R which requires 3 forms of ID, the request form to be signed, information to identify the patient and clinical information to justify exposure. (DoH, 2000). once patient has been located, the radiographer is greeted by angry relatives who are complaining their mother had nothing to drink for 24 hours and has soiled herself, with this in consideration it is vital the radiographer introduces themselves and confirms the patients details for example, patients name, DOB and Address and hospital number if checking wristband as patient has limited ability to communicate. Infection control will be required as the patient has defecated herself, a quick check for infections such as clostridium difficile; if infections are present it should be present on the x-ray request or patient notes. The first impression a patient forms from the way practitioner portray themselves by greeting the patient and explaining the procedure in the first few minutes. If a negative impression is formed during this encounter, it will be difficult to erase and the subsequent practitioner and patient interaction will be affected (Ramlaul and Vosper, 2013). When dealing with the patient/relatives the radiographer must be assertive, confident compassionate, and empathetic to the patient’s situation (Scriven and Orme, 2001), and must use clinical reasoning which refers to thinking and processes associated with the clinical practice of health care providers (Higgs, Jones, Loftus and Christensen, 2008) Reassure the family that you have just arrived and here to resolve the matter, explain there could be a valid reason regarding the water, but you will look into it. Give reasons why there might be a shortage of nurses due to â€Å"fast interaction period of emergency departments which may be similar times to medical imaging† (Ramlaul and Vosper, 2013, p.13). This might be why the radiographer was not able to locate the nurses. Communication between healthcare professionals and patients is paramount to improve quality of care for patients, and eliminate any possibility for mistakes (O’Daniel and Rosenstein 2008). This scenario has clearly demonstrated the lack of Inter-professional communication and collaboration and how detrimental it is to patient care. The psychosocial aspects of any individual can be affected by a small initial stimulus which can start a chain of events that have enormous outcomes; this is known as the butterfly effect (Burton, 2013). Little do we realise a smile can be enough to put someone at ease, and that can be the difference between a positive experience and a negative one. We have to understand the social/environmental aspect of an individual also plays a huge role in the way they think, talk, and behave (Niven, 2000). The radiographer must take into consideration the psychological state of the patient, which may help understand the different feelings the patient might be experiencing such as, anxiety, shame, angry, distressed, shocked, and unwell. It is important the radiographer focus on their thoughts and feelings to better treat them. Compassionate care must be 1st priority for all health professionals; this constitutes the six C’s, Care, compassion, competence, communication, courage, commitment. This guide helps health professionals to make sure their care meets the standards patients rightly expect and deserve (Cummings and Bennett, 2012). This should apply to all health professionals. With regards to Francis report UK The Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Public Inquiry, (2010) which was carried out from January 2005 to March 2009 for the hundreds of appalling failings of compassionate care were left in excrement in soiled bed clothes for lengthy periods and many other failings. Referring back to the scenario it is seen the patient is in a similar situation and as a witness; the radiographer must report this, failure to do so is against the law. Radiographers should uphold National Health Service constitution and values which are based on comprehensive service available to all race, gender, disability, age, sexual orientation, religion or belief and adhere the core value of NHS, respect and dignity, commitment to quality of care, compassion, communication, improving lives, and working together for patients (DoH, 2013). Communication comes in many forms, verbal, non-verbal (sign language, facial expression and other forms of body language) it can be difficult at times to assess patients, this may be due to may barriers such as gender, age, language and disability, each barrier differ from patient to patient, with regards to the scenario the frail old lady is in a venerable state and unable to communicate regardless the radiographer must communicate with her as she may understand other means of communication which may include simple muscle movements such as blinking or squeezing a hand. Due to the lack of time usually available to radiographers, the task of identifying and treating symptoms may become the only goal for the practitioner, who then denies the patient the opportunity to explain their illness (Edelmann, 2000). Radiographers must provide holistic care for the patient, while assessing patients and their clinical requirements to determine appropriate radiographic technique, and to perform a wide range of radiographic examinations on patients to produce high quality images while observing and maintaining contact with patients during their waiting, examination and post-examination stay in the hospital, And complying with Data Protection Act, IRMER, IRR, ALARP, Health and Safety at work, and many more (Agcas, 2012). Radiographers must keep within their scope of practice based on competency, education, extent of experience and knowledge while practising in a safe and competent manner (SoR, 2008). And adhere to legislations set for radiographers, scope of practice, local rules, policies and procedures and HCPC standards of proficiency, is responsible and accountable for the patient undergoing x-ray (and other imaging modalities). What is scope of practice for a radiographer? HCPC (2012) defines the scope of practice is the area/areas in which the radiographer has knowledge, skills and experience to practice lawfully, safely and effectively in a way that meets the HCPC standards and does not pose a danger to the public or to yourself. However if a practitioner wanted to move outside their scope of practice can do so providing they are capable of working lawfully, safely and effectively. Relating back to the scenario it may need to be considered whether taking a portable abdominal x-ray is in the local rules, policies, and procedures, must weigh the risks/benefit, consider their personal experience and is it enough to carry out the x-ray in a safe, effective and lawful manor. As health professionals one must understand their own capacity and limitations and act accordingly. Taking consent from the patient can be verbal, written or implied. Every adult has the right to determine what is done to their body (UIC, 2004). Taking an x-ray without obtaining valid consent can be detrimental which leaves the practitioner open to lawsuits and questions their fitness to practice. As we know the patient is not able to communicate, hence the radiographer might adopt different means on consent for example implied. Patient might be asked to blink twice if it’s okay to go ahead and blink once if not vice versa. Pertaining to moving and handling patient the radiographer should make use of the mandatory manual handling training provided by the trust/university. The radiographer must not in under any circumstance cannot pat-slide by themselves and must have a minimum of 3 trained personals. This scenario is a classic example of negligence, where no nurses are present to attend to the patient, torts law comes into play in this scenario, where unintentional negligence of the patient where the duty of care is at breech. If the radiographer carried out the x-ray after the patient had been cleaned by the radiographer and/or nurse, the radiographer must inform patient about the x-ray being taken and once consented markers must be used in the primary beams instead of post processing to avoid confusions, and most importantly, the x-ray can be used in court if required, furthermore upon taking the x-ray a holders form need to be filled in if holder was required and must wear lead coats. A risk assessment must be carried out to determine if it is possible to carry out the x-ray and apply ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) as mobile x-rays tend to used higher exposures this is achieved by many ways such as increasing the FDD. This scenario can most certainly make everyone feel agitated, stressed, scared and terrified, and nervous. However as professionals one must show confidence in the face of adversity and demonstrate good communication skills and follow the HCPC standards of conduct, the scope of practice, upholding the NHS constitution along with compassionate care guide, will ultimately enable the health practitioner to be more confident and well equipped in practice. In conclusion one can argue it requires inter-professional team effort to give the best experience to any patient, which is be true, but it requires the efforts of each individual put together collectively to formulate productivity and efficiency for the best interests of the patients. Reference List Agcas. (2012). Role of a diagnostic radiographer. Prospects. Retrieved December, 13, 2013, from http://www.prospects.ac.uk/diagnostic_radiographer_job_ description.htm. Burton, J. (2013). Radiography and the butterfly effect. SoR. Retrieved December, 16, 2013, from http://www.sor.org/ezines/scortalk/issue-13/blog-radiography-and-butterfly-effect. Cummings, J Bennett, V. (2012). Compassion in practice. Retrieved December, 22, 2013, from http://www.england.nhs.uk/nursingvision/. Department of health. (2000). Ionising Radiations Medical Exposure Regulations: Good Practice. Retrieved November, 25, 2013, from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads /system /uploads/attachment_data/file/227075/IRMER_regulations_2000.pdf. Department of Health. (2013).  The NHS Constitution: TheNHS belongs to us all. Retrieved December, 10, 2013, from  http://www.nhs.uk/choiceintheNHS /Rightsandpledges/NHSConstitution/Pages/Overview.aspx. Donald R. Kelley. (2005). Divided Power: The Presidency, Congress, and the Formation of American Foreign Policy, Intraparty factionalism on key foreign policy issues. (p.69). University of Arkansas Press Edelmann, R. J., (2000). Psychosocial Aspects of the Health Care Process.  Harlow Prentice Hall Higgs, J. Jones, M. Loftus, S. Christensen, N. (2008).  Clinical Reasoning:  in the Health Professions.  (3rded.). London: Elsevier Jeevs, A. (2013). What is medico legal? AskJeeves. Retrieved December, 20, 2013, from http://uk.ask.com/question/what-is-medico-legal. Niven, N. (2000).  Health psychology: For health care professionals. (3rded.). Edinburgh: Livingstone. O’Daniel, M. Rosenstein, A. H. (2008). Patient Safety and Quality: Professional Communication and Team Collaboration. PubMed, 8(43), 33. Ramlaul, A. Vosper, M. (2013). Patient centred care in medical imaging and radiotherapy: In medical imaging and radiotherapy.London: Churchill-Livingstone. Scriven, A. Orme, J. (2001). Health Promotion, professional perspectives. (2nded.). London: Macmillan. The Health Professions Council. (2012). Standards of proficiency, your scope of practice.  London: HCPC. The Society of Radiographers. (2013). Code of Conduct and Ethics.  London: SoR. University of Illinois at Chicago College of medicine UIC. (2004), Informed consent, Retrieved November, 30, 2013, from http://www.uic.edu/depts/mcam/ethics/ic.htm. United Kingdom. The Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Public Inquiry. (2010). Independent Inquiry into care provided by Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust. London: TSO. (Chairman R. Francis).

China As Most Favored Nation Essay example -- essays research papers

What is the debate on weather or not China should retain favored-nation trading status all about? Is it really a decision on what is best economically for the United States, and China. Or is it: the issue of Chinese human rights violations and the fact that if the United States where to revoke the favored nation status of China it would have a profound negative impact on the U.S. economy alone. (+)Most-favored-nation trade status started in the United States as a version of the European preferential trade system. The Carter Administration first granted most-favored-nation trading status to China in 1980, following the historic efforts of President Nixon during the 1970’s to restore diplomatic ties. Historically, a significant difference existed between the unconditional most-favored-nation clause in European trade law and the American version of conditional most-favored-nation. Under unconditional most-favored-nation status, one country's extension of tariff concessions guarantees the same concessions to all nations associated with it through commercial treaties. American conditional most-favored-nation status provided treaty signatories only the opportunity to negotiate most-favored-nation status when most-favored-nation status was extended to another trading partner. Thus meaning that the United States gives significant economic advantages to one nation in the form of most-favored-nation trading status. Under the Trade Act of 1974, most-favored-nation status could only be granted to China through a Sino-American bilateral commercial agreement and satisfaction of the Jackson-Vanik Amendment requirements. The Jackson-Vanik amendment states that the President of the United States may grant a communist country such as China most-favored-nation trade status if it was in conjunction with a trade agreement and upon proper improvement that China would permit emigration. Also China would have to satisfy that they are moving toward improving current policies. The conclusion of the US-PRC commercial accord in July 1979, and the initial waiving of the Jackson-Vanik requirements, and with Congressional approval, most-favored-nation status was granted to China. This action sealed the successful efforts of the Carter Administration to create social and economic ties through Sino-American relations. The renewal of China’s most-favored-nation trade status has been s... ...t-favored-nation status. By giving stats and other figures that show just how this issue has the ability to effect the economies of both the United States and China. Works Cited: (-)Morrison, Wayne M. â€Å"91121: China-U.S. Trade Issues† Updated November 27, 1996 <a href="http://www.fas.org/man/crs/91-121.htm#summ">http://www.fas.org/man/crs/91-121.htm#summ (+)Robertson III , Grayson R â€Å"The China-MFN Controversy: The Case For Maintaining China's MFN Status Part 1† <a href="http://www.china-net.org/CCF94/ccf9409-3.html">http://www.china-net.org/CCF94/ccf9409-3.html (=)â€Å"MARKET ACCESS AND PROTOCOL COMMITMENTS† <a href="http://www.ustr.gov/releases/1999/04/ch-memo.html">http://www.ustr.gov/releases/1999/04/ch-memo.html Delay, Tom â€Å"China-U.S. Trade Issues† <a href="http://www.majoritywhip.house.gov/China/980717CRSTradeRelations.asp">http://www.majoritywhip.house.gov/China/980717CRSTradeRelations.asp Faison, Seth "U.S. And China Reach Late Agreement on Textiles," New York Times, February 3, 1997 <a href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/chintex.htm">http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/chintex.htm