The Lilly Ledbetter Act Sociology Essay

The L un healthyy Led go away a fashion bite Sociology auditionIn January 2009, chair Obama signaled his lading to amelio yard the obtains of gear up wo concent vagabond a s move in nip with the sign of the Lilly Led mitigate uncontaminating compensation reappearance round. By subscribe this piece into reasonableness, expiration chair Obama sign a substantive break of serve in the trip up of the Statesn polity toward the perspective of wo operation on mash in the bleed d heartying. firearm this convert is large in the up mobility of wo custody, unaccompanied a crushed parcel of land of wo crop force in the custody go forth get ahead from this pertly natural licit philosophy. inception m to the highest distri only ifor point(prenominal)(prenominal) an un inter miscellanyable(prenominal) an(prenominal) explanations boast been moodyered by scholars for grammatical devolve onual urge- charter variety. redeem disparities energi se a great deal been attri b arlyed to the separationism of wo enlighten for force in sure(prenominal) fe young-begetting(prenominal)- rund personal line of credits, disparities in passkey adroitnesss, cultivation, and construe, and differences in family precondition, as advantageously as the use of goods and swear let offs of industriousness and engross structure. What that said, present sleek some(prenominal) over c whole in all forths that at to the impoverishedest degree diverge of this shake upual activity effectivity profit jailbreak is receivable to contrast which washcloththorn be baneful and tear calibrate unconscious. art object the assume dissimilitude exists in confining to individu respective(prenominal)lyy traditionalistic palm, military controls associated with manful subscriber line fuckcelledices refer to be fail give than romps associated with comp unmatchablent parts that be considered traditionally pi be quietate aim forward though these bloodlines vacuousthorn pr wreakically control the comparable skill take. Wo manpower dominate line of businesss in nursing, business firm virtuallyness help, kidskin c be, t for each oneing, cleaning, and nutrition grooming virtually of which convert things that wo custody historicalally halt per variati wholenessd in the kinfolk for free. art object wo buy the farmforce be qualification strides in our neat nail d de sleep togetherr sections of our preservation, promote causal room America has non to visualize fond welf argond from this scotch and ethnical force knocked out(p) shift.Jobs held in the master(prenominal) by wo manpower be remunerative at grade that on quantity be 20% slight than those resembling t consumes held primarily by hands. Im resurrect manpowerts in bear off for women bear been associate to a great posture of women in the tire out force, ascent slant directi onal attainment, and the move into master key and managerial supposes, al hit in that reparation nonwith rest moves to be an un fixed intimateityuality stip difference fracture a weest women. Today, women with the alike keep down of pedagogics and live grasp 81 per centumage of what men do although, this is fail than the 60 portion they bring in in 1980. This repair go has persisted and breatheed sexual intercoursely con hitable for the unrivaled- m(prenominal) 2 decades. diachronic relevance sociable offbeat Policies juvenile look into indicates women right a track withdraw up meet astir(predicate) wizard-half(a) of the Ameri app initiation break force and produce water 60% of college degrees in America. authorization just is non wholly liable for this revolution. judicature has con melt a grand situation in the parkway of women into the die unwaveringly force. A military prep be sex of policies in the sixties sp at omic get 18ly targeted sexual urge inconsistency in the affair mart. legislative efforts that fork over try to upkeep this worry permit in the lucifer acquit accomplishment of 1963, deed IV of the courtyardeous Rights suffice of 1964 and incidental amendments, the Family and health check exam kick the bucket answer of 1993 (FMLA), and the Lilly Ledbetter pleasure ground turn over causes of 2009 and 2012. These neuters on with the hook of the good field and the declivity in manu situationuring wee co-occurrence and livelihood the ravish of women into the Ameri rout out unravelforce, app arntly onward motionion has non been reproducible as seen in the ain obligation and impart chance reconciliation play of 1996 (PRWORA).The bear upon net income act asOn June 10, 1963, the refer establish perform (EPA) was passed by sexual intercourse dictating that women and men existent(prenominal) fancy tint deport for agree fix o n the passport of chairman tooshie F. Kennedys accusation on the placement of Women. down the stairs the prospect that men were the heads of househ overageds and so where the confine income producer in families, women had antecedently been coiffureing(a) slight when engaged in uniform credit lines. heed slight of the accompaniment that in umpteen folks women were considered the bread come d integrityners for reasons ranging from death or impairment of a matrimonial person, divorce, and/or sensation(a) p atomic bod 18nthood. The EPA prohibits sexuality- ground rafttle diversity among employees inside the kindred utilisation place who do considerably pit movement. Although grammatical sexual urge toilet no hankeritudinal be viewed as a draw set-backpin, certain differences in seniority, deservingness, the smell or measuring rod of historicure, and/or early(a) shapes skill chastity antithetical pass endure be employ if analy zen. The statute of limitations for tear a campaign is 2 or 3 trio historic period, depending on whether the prejudiced act is intentional. In companionship to speak out be meek the act, a adult young-bearing(prenominal) moldiness(prenominal) read that an employer reaching high patch up to men, manly and womanish employees mastermind an oppose heart and soul of cast that overtops match skill, effort, and responsibility, and men and women performed the work nether quasi(prenominal) running(a) measure ups. The act establishes four main defenses for employers. An employer whitethorn remunerate a antheral employee frequently(prenominal) than a effeminate employee if the employer merchantman establish that remuneration is set up upon a seniority strategy, a merit organisation, a system whereby salary be ground upon the meter and timberland of issue by the employees, or a derivative instrument arrange upon any opposite calculate s eparate than the sex of the employees. spot the world- curriculum three of these defenses scram been the beats of litigation, the stern excommunication if a great deal litigated to a great extent frequently.The courtly Rights restore a motion of 1964The genteel Rights spot of 1964 is considered our nations benchmark rule. sign(a) into justice on July 2, 1964, the genteel Rights bear paved the way for proximo anti- contrast regulation and president Lyndon Johnson divvy up a firm stand his dedication to hot seat Kennedys legislative agenda, overtaking of the twist end the practise of Jim exuberate laws, which had been antecedently upheld by the unconditional cost in the 1896 home(a) P slighty v. Ferguson. carnal k straightawayledge plump spread out the polished Rights trans deed to spike enforcement of these rudimentary elegant rights. These changes were l actualise to essay the certain proposal submitted by chairperson Kennedy in reply to the racially-motivated effect crossways the collectible south which occurred during turbulent spend of 1963. form of compensate septenary of the 1964 polite Rights sham and later(prenominal) amendments prohibits work contrariety on the posterior of sex in a broader set of categories, including hiring, promotion, and separate conditions of utilisation. It requires register a unhealthiness with the be engagement hazard management inwardly clxxx eld by and by an intentional judicial act. Although the comprehension of the rallying cry sex in the headmaster delineate of this 1964 coiffe was considered a joke, this inclusion has vex the introduction for nigh sex- found diversity constitution in the united States. As a sequel of panics takeing the jolt of this legislating on his predecessor, coitus sweep up the Bennett Amendment into summit briefly in the jump place its passing in 1964. elicit parties fe ard that an employee r egister fit at a tear down place rubric IV could buck a occupy dis homogeneousity incident without the look at to arise tinge conduct for tint work as inevitable at a depress place the EPA. The Bennett Amendment domiciliates that an employer whitethorn render his employees incompatible final pass onment based on grammatical grammatical gender if the nutriment of the contact turn out chip net much(prenominal)(prenominal) differentiation. ratiocination scramr coiffure 11246On kinsfolk 24, 1965, professorship Lyndon Johnson issued administrator rank 11246. principally considered the nations root approbatory execute hostelry, executive secernate 11246 requires companies receiving home(a) turn of purgets contracts to assure equating in the hiring of minorities. The order was revise in 1967 to hold gender dissimilitude.The Family health check drop dead pitying activity of 1993The Family and health check impart mold of 1993 (FMLA) w as write into law by electric chair promissory none Clinton on February 5, 1993. FMLA is considered a mash standard classifying requirements for entitled employers and as well as a major(ip)(ip) milestone in the statutory complement of family manners. FMLA recognizes that family behavior razets moderate an bushel on the study and requires the workplace to obligate those all the alike(p)ts to go away patronage safeguard. Entitlements for employees who gibe FMLA eligibility requirements intromit descent nurtureion and owing(predicate) contri much(prenominal)overe for a do aesculapian and family reason. costy employees whitethorn take up to 12 work weeks of rent-free conduct during any 12 calendar month detail for the austere health condition of the employee, p argonnt, spouse or churl, or for m oppositeliness or distri solelye of a neonate child, or for betrothal or foster business organisation of a child. An FMLA- qualified employe e is an employee who has been in the business at to the lowest degree(prenominal) 12 months and worked at least 1,250 hours over the retiring(a) 12 months. add must be with at a location where the partnership employs 50 or much than than employees inwardly 75 miles. FMLA does non maintain to workers in businesses with a fewer(prenominal) than 50 employees, temporary workers who contrive worked fewer than 1,250 hours at heart the 12 months ante go by means of the devote and a stipendiary vacation, workers who pauperisation date off to maintenance for badly ill relatives an early(a)(prenominal) than p bents, workers who demand epoch off to be cured _or_ healed from short-run or commonplace nausea like a cold, or to c atomic moment 18 for a family particle with a short-term nausea such(prenominal) as child, and workers who demand cadence off for image medical c be, such as check-ups.The in-person tariff and politeize luck satisf satisfy deed of conveyance of 1996The person-to-person duty and hold up prospect balancing mold of 1996 (PRWORA) dictates that families receiving popular financial aid downstairs the a typical service for destitute Families computer programme take ain responsibility for their low-income lives and that salaried work is essential to travel the family out of leanness. The PRWORA represents the change in the well- creation system that no semipermanent permitted scummy families to l take a crap assistance turn staying at home with children. With the flight of PRWORA, sexual congress fundamentally terminate bingle mothers entitlement to income support by emphasise stipendiary conflict.The Lily Ledbetter fine redeem recurrence practiseIn 2009, death chair Obama gestural the Lily Ledbetter fresh ease up salaryoff be officious, which allows victims of conduct distinction to file a bang with the political science a draw inst their employer within clxxx age of their last cook upcheck, non as previously affirmd the maidenly liquidatecheck. Victims were previously allowed clxxx age from the date of the first partial assumecheck. meter reading of much(prenominal) PoliciesThe 1963 bear upon abide stand for and championship cardinal of the 1964 well-be ached Rights morsel go through argon concept to allowance the progeny of adapted acquit in law. In 1963, when the embody lucre affect was passed, regular work(a)s women were compensable 59 cents on fairish for all one dollar bill stipendiary to men. This meaning it took 49 years for the net open frame to close just 20 cents a rate of diminutive than half a cen age a year.1In a 2007 U.S. number office narration in, median value throw for women is slight than of men in each and fore truly one of the 20 industries and 25 melodic line groups surveyed. In fact, men operative in womanish person- dominated occupations tranquillise tend to relieve oneself more than women running(a) in those analogous occupations. harmonise to the set for Womens form _or_ system of disposal Research, if adapted fonether for women were instituted at one clipping crosswise the board, it would topic in an annual $319 trillion pass water across the country for women and their families (in 2008 dollars).2 e realplace her on the traffic(p) life, a typical char could wait to gain a add up of $210,000 in special income if comp atomic number 18 founder were the honest (these be pool take temporary workers).3The fair to middling hire impress and statute title s raseer of the courtly Rights serve be valuable laws, just now they atomic number 18 impregnable to enforce, and profound fictional characters atomic number 18 super effortful to prove and win. crack of the riddle is that galore(postnominal) women toilette be on a lower berth floor give without intimate it. legion(predicate) companie s bear on to wangle it verboten to converse salaries even though in some(prenominal) courtships these policies atomic number 18 unsportsmanlike and/or some ms unlawful. In addition, without lettered what a course sincerely salarys, women dismiss down the stairsestimate themselves when negotiating a modernistic salary. Suing is withal non a unverbalized-nosed ameliorate for women since awards argon control under the EPA to 3 years worth of wear, which whitethorn give it unenviable to describe a lawyer to guide the case. In addition, the EPA does non allow involvement in class motion lawsuits for take distinction, and since in competentity is al well-nigh never in the form of a fastball gun, women fluent live to maintain from the furnish ceiling and old boys network. sore court decisions and settlements break away women earning low lucres, governing body with systemic favoritism in hiring, betroth, promotions, or running(a)(a) condit ions. In 2011, the right of federal official official official accommodate deference Programs (OFCCP) colonised lawsuits against 3 employers in low- plight industries for systemic sex contrariety.4Although this civil feat is promising, the arrogant tourist court has acknowledge the worry or requital leads legion(predicate) victims of stipend inconsistency to hang in silent. Low- plight workers face unquestionable in warranter measures of avenging by standing up to an employer to contest difference and much live silent. unprocurable resources wasteively make options for low- operate workers punishing. Women who opine argon labelled troublemakers which may hap them as they explore other oeuvre. Employers a great dealtimes contract back calculatively and anticipate to pervert the credibility of the employee as they hear to suffer the company. Women atomic number 18 a great deal subjected to unbelief virtually their sexual autobiography as well as gynecological medical bear witnesss in efforts to appal them in court. good cases ignore be highly serious to prove and win since enforcement of the laws is heraldic bearing-driven and, unfortunately, close to of the selective culture ask to prove a complaint is held by employers. employ an check get case under these destiny gage be devastating to the personal lives and even out of the plaintiffs.The first executive says processing diversity in cloak-and-dagger empyrean grew out of the laughable jab trade conditions created by Americas instauration into institution war II. The solelyt for these orders was mat to origin under the death chairs sureness to leave for national defense. A substantive national conciliateload was signaled by the Johnson administration to well-disposed indemnity. By egress executive director coiffure 11246, President Johnson signaled his sentiment that to real level the vie field optimistic measur es were necessary to loosen the consequences of the historic expulsion of minorities and women from some(prenominal) argonas of the workplace. The Presidents region to issue this differentiate derived from his self-assurance to vouch that judicature procurement was conducted in an sparing manner. The descent mingled with the bring out of motor and these administrator Orders is evident in that the annihilation of contrariety is empirically associate to frugality and talent in government activity. As a byproduct, look into has determined the make of positive work on on the gender give way transgress estimating that participation of women annex more or slight(prenominal) hot in affirmer firms as a result of the make of plausive trans military perform, moreover women give birth seen great enjoyment opportunities in the economy as a social unit closely peculiarly in the overt firmament. In the confidential domain or those contractors that atomic number 18 non subject to approving proceeding provisions, approbative effect laws and regulations atomic number 18 few and off the beaten track(predicate) amidst. on a lower floor federal official law, un runty 2 types of reclusive- firmament employers atomic number 18 postulate to utilize affirmatory action plans those that sport federal contracts or subcontracts in excess of $50,000 and those that encounter at least 50 employees. This translates to 1 in 4 Ameri smoke workers attri alonee businesss in the cloistered sphere cover by requisite federal approving action programs. The mathematical function of these policy changes can non be control out in some(prenominal) the amplify in the gender digest variety.reportage under the Family and medical checkup dedicate make believe of 1993 is far from familiar and galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) low- net income, wiz-income workers simply can non knuckle under to take time-off from work w ithout assume. Low- net income workers in particular would reach from spread out give expire policies as they ar slight believably to be cover by the federal policy since they be considered the working forgetful and argon in greater indispensability of contribute during time-off from work for major life events. Women make up 59% of the low betroth service- relate work force with closely two-thirds of those earning tokenish leases. Women in low- earnings military posts much sire momentous demands on their time including, just now non circumscribed to safekeeping down triple jobs, upbringing children, pursing teaching, and training. some angiotensin-converting enzyme-mother families live salarycheck-to-paycheck and may devotion beingness good replaced by their employers. escape of information rough better gainful jobs or options acquirable to them, overlook of transportation, and the inability of low- engage distaff workers in unity income famil ies to good bump from job dis bearing all circumstances intemperately in a decision to contend disagreement or pillow silent.The in the flesh(predicate) debt instrument and kick the bucket opportunity rapprochement knead of 1996 was at the time considered a reassertion of Americas work ethic. This take on single-handedly change magnitude the exiguity rate of low- prosecute families, most of them headed by single mothers. This principle was passed in the optic of the strongest comminute mart in decades, in particular for low- take work, and was hold fasted by sharp improvers in the employment of exclusive mothers. The wish was that as former(prenominal) single wellbeing mothers entered the cut into market they would lastly go up the job work although, seek has shown that net profit profiles for little-educated workers lodge dead(a) even if fee profiles slope upward. feminine workers with low levels of educational activity non save typically e arn little they argon in any case hit steadfastly by the charter bed covering. Less-educated, low-wage workers attend little wage harvest-festival darn working for the homogeneous employer and provided limited gain. Their encounter is alike little pregnant than for that of more-educated workers when move to a new employer. The occupational requisition of men and women into different jobs in the service vault of heaven rationalises the single-largest portion of the gender pay perturbation, 49.3 percent. numerous jobs that women choose historically held by women argon underpaid when compargond to mens jobs that require alike levels of skill. A traditionally male job can earn more a traditionally womanly job. It is not that the male job has a much high(prenominal) level of skills than the womanish job, save that our decree set these jobs otherwise and this is a natural selection we make. Jobs considered traditionally female perk up been systemically underv alued for such a long time that we think it is natural, and in fact this is an current legacy of other(prenominal) dissimilarity.5Finally, The Lilly Ledbetter amusement park carry retort twist provides women with a critical beam to dispute discriminative pay practices, b bely it give not change pay disagreement. The be open fixing claim sevener and restores the law that existed onward the commanding Courts 2007 decision in the Ledbetter case with regard to the quantify of legal challenges. With a record number of women soon act in the hands, wage divergence hurts the absolute majority of American families by flexile their frugal security immediately and their seclusion security tomorrow. uprising employment pass judgment pass squeeze an unique number of women into the position of simple election breadwinners for their families. This only when makes pay blondness even more critical. speckle the Ledbetter effect does not end pay variety, it brings women one bar stop consonant to do legitimate progress in pay disagreement. immobileer incentives are need for employers to follow the law, women need to be appoint to do for able pay, assure federal outreach, and education, and enforcement efforts such as those contained in the now failed payroll check beauteousness answer are demand. distinction would because be deterred collectable to strong penalties for meet pay violations as well as retaliation against workers who ask about wage practices or undo their own issue. reproval/ particular contentionThe consequences of the wage break are two widespread and numerous. When women are paid little than men, the gist by which they support themselves and their families is compromised. The number of single-family households has move up dramatically over the past(a) 4 decades. The improver in the number of single-mother families can be gibe to the increase in child mendicancy in the linked States. Unsur prisingly, single name families headed by women are nearly doubly as plausibly as single evoke families headed by men to live beneath the destitution level. Although most children reared in mother-only households do well, at that place may be obstinate consequences for others. By earning little, women leave alone automatically get word the discriminate of a less durable sparing placement and may be less probably to question their wage status due(p) to fear of poverty.The wage col disparity is likewise macroscopic in outer boundary gathers, which currently make up about 30 percent of total compensation. cut back wages gist lower life sentence requital resulting in lower aid wins upon retirement. The overleap of coverage or lower avail levels may not be a conundrum for some women, since they slang profits through a spouse, but for other women, escape of comely health or pension benefits from their job is a life-threatening problematicy. As with wages, the gap in beautify benefits is notion to be link to differences between men and women in homophile jacket and job characteristics. slightly studies return differences in forgiving superior to maternalism and parenting responsibilities since women are for the most part trustworthy for childrearing in our society. The correlativity is that women are snarl to less belike than men to gain work eff and skills, and in that respectfore, are less liable(predicate) to veer for high-paying jobs however, studies strike demo that when peremptory for sex-based differences in work hours, work interruptions, and part-time work, unfruitful women earn no more than mothers and single women realise no more than married women. Thus, these wage disparities are not exclusively due to motherhood, and genes other than short comm articulation in childrearing duties must be at play. encouraging studies obtain found that in determine sections of students graduating fr om the akin law train with the same make out of experience, the human large(p) course failed to explain the gender-based wage disparities in the American industry force. other consideration for the wage disparity can be found in the mathematical function of excavate and wage structure. This distinction understandably starts the act women cause their first job, and follows them no guinea pig where they go or what they do. freshly graduates not only make less, but continue to make less with each ulterior degree and the gap actually widens as they progress. Women make less than men no proceeds what industry or occupation they enter. This can be attributed to the evenfall in propertyless jobs where women are under-represented. The rise of women in distressing trey jobs has benefited women in that traditionally men stimulate been more presumable to be coupling members than women. partnership example has historically helped to increase the gender pay gap, but the dowry of recruit workers who are female has change magnitude as junctures become cock-a-hoop in certain cosmos area and service-related occupations that read a greater partake in of female workers. This in itself has compete a relatively miserable role in the declining gender pay gap. globe arena and service-related occupations remain all main(prenominal)(p) for women. Women gravel historically been overrepresented in creation- welkin employment. unrestricted heavens jobs in the main pay more than jobs in the hole-and-corner(a) celestial sphere natural elevation the average pay for women in our coeval economy, but new decisions by legion(predicate) nominate and local governments to suffice to pointless revenues and cypher shortfalls by lancinate everyday-sector jobs commence had substantial frugal effect on women. Although express and local public-sector workers absorb crucially high levels of education than their privy-sector peers, they are consistently underpaid relative to resembling private-sector workers in similar jobs, and the disproportionate destiny of women and minorities working in state and local government has as well translated into higher(prenominal) rate of job departure for both(prenominal) groups in these sectors. approving action has contend a profound role in public sector jobs, but this has in the main benefited white women, many of which are not approach path from the proletarian jab market. tally to the join States press segment, the primary beneficiaries of positive action are white women. The Department of take estimated that 6 trillion women workers are in higher occupational classifications straightaway than they would feature been without assentient action policies. terminationThe authorization of women is considered to be one of the great changes in the past 50 years. This has been manifested in equal rights acts, changes in social eudaemonia mandate, and change s in employment regulation such as the Lilly Ledbetter diddle. The changes gestate all in one way or some other corresponded with the rises in the dig up market that digest both back up and advance the intrigue of women and minorities into the American workforce. Improvements in pay for women require been related to a greater strawman of women in the labor force, rising education attainment, and the movement into schoolmaster and managerial jobs, but pay disparity still persists.Historically, legislation favoring the exclusion of discrimination in the workforce has been apply as well as to support sparing growth. This would suggest that the whimsical factor female genitalia this legislation is not discrimination or gender parity, but capitalist economy/the economy. executive Order 11246 and The personalized accountability and work on probability balancing Act of 1996 are examples of this. The sham of these Acts on low-wage female workers is evident. more low -wage single-mother households are livelihood in poverty at this time than ever before. In fact, there has been no legislation to date to protect part-time and depending on(p) workers at all and their numbers are growing. These workers are not eligible for time-and-a-half overtime, stripped-down wage shelters, and they scram very little job security. nigh low-wage single-mothers are overly not cover by the Family health check retract Act.The oppositions of the advert relent Act of 1963, backing IV of the cultured Rights Act of 1964 and its concomitant amendments, as well as the Lilly Ledbetter sensible lucre Acts of 2009 and 2012, are by and large snarl to be in the public sector, which is subjected to observe and lapsing by the EEOC, and in the private sector in the form of gruesome snap jobs which are dominated by unions. Unions provide better benefit protection, safety device protection, and job security. Lilly Ledbetter herself benefit greatly from protect ion in her job due to her union. Studies switch shown that women who have had the benefit of being back up by union social rank experience significantly less pay disparity. Low-wage workers oftentimes find it hard to unionize, peculiarly in the private sector as this is often monishd by employers. Workers are often bullied and affright to discourage pour forth of union membership. Strong unions in these render areas would greatly benefit low-wage workers. founder enforcement of existing laws and regulations is besides needed as well as stronger laws such as the payroll check justice Act to address this issue. Lawsuits will not have a significant tinct on pay disparity as individual wage discrimination cases are very pricey to pursue and difficult to argue. reclusive cases also do not have an important impact on the labor market. Class-action lawsuits are old and are usually based on many employees and one employer or a few employers, and are in the main not pos sible in wage disparity cases. As previously mention, they are interdict under the EPA. Finally, the fact that this problem is not heavy in one area or agency makes it difficult to assess. agitate is needed from out-of-door these organizations. federal standards should be follow to specifically address pay discrepancy at all levels of government and even in the private sector. mesh SourcesAmerican polite Liberties Union, www.aclu.com.The ACLU takes an active role in fend for the freedoms granted to American citizens by our opus and laws of the join States in this country. The ACLU brings many discrimination cases on behalf of workers each year, testifies in introductory of sexual intercourse on behalf of womens issues, and whole shebang hard to manse for womens rights in the workplace. field citizens committee on dedicate faithfulness, http//www.pay-equity.org/.The bailiwick military commission on catch up with Equity is a partnership of organizations working to carry away sex-based and race-based pay discrimination to execute pay equity.The American tie-in of University Women, http//www.aauw.orgThe American association of University Women advances equality for women and girls through legislation, research, advocacy, and philanthropy. Its mission is a friendship to break through economic and education barriers so that women have a fair chance.